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1:01

The

1:03

mother of the Rothschild dynasty was

1:05

born in a dark and crowded ghetto

1:07

in seventeen fifty three. The

1:10

centuries prior to goodrich Napa's

1:12

birth, the Jews of Frankfurt had

1:14

been confined to a strip

1:15

of land that curved around

1:17

the edge of the city's

1:18

eastern fort certifications.

1:21

This was the Euden

1:22

Gasser or Jews Lane, and

1:25

Göpler could expect to live her life within

1:27

its confines. Frankfurt

1:29

Jews were born among the Jordan gases,

1:31

densely packed houses. They worshiped

1:34

in its shore and shopped at its market.

1:37

They

1:37

studied,

1:38

worked, and died there. The

1:41

boundaries of their world had been rigidly

1:43

fixed by the city counciled centuries

1:46

before, and were unresponsive to

1:48

the Ghettos growing population. Over

1:51

the centuries, with nowhere else to go,

1:53

the buildings had been forced upwards and

1:55

cantilever overhangs had been

1:57

constructed to maximize living

1:59

space on the same small

2:02

footprint. By

2:04

the time Guffler was old enough to walk along

2:06

the lane, the slice of sky visible

2:09

above her would have been no wider

2:11

than a pair of outstretched arms.

2:14

There was so little daylight that visitors

2:16

were struck by how pale the Jews

2:19

looked. The dense, smoky

2:21

air, and the open sewers

2:23

made it hard to breathe. During

2:27

the nightly curfew and on Christian holidays,

2:29

The gates at the end of the Yudan gas were

2:32

closed and the Jewish population entirely

2:35

confined. At other times,

2:37

Jews venturing outside the ghetto

2:39

was subject to an array of threatening

2:41

and humiliating regulations. If

2:45

they visited any of the gentiles streets

2:47

and markets, Jews were forbidden

2:49

to touch fruit and vegetables.

2:50

If anyone, even a child, said,

2:53

Jude, Marc Morez. Due

2:56

to your duty, they were obliged

2:58

to raise their hat and step

3:00

aside. Unsurprisingly,

3:04

some chose to remain within the confines

3:06

of the Yudin Gassar. On

3:09

the outside of the Gekko gate, hung

3:11

the sign of the imperial eagle

3:13

symbolizing that the Jews lived

3:15

under the protection

3:17

of the holy Roman emperor.

3:21

The Jews living in the lane were under no

3:23

illusions. This was not

3:25

a refuge, but

3:26

a prison. The

3:29

houses of the Eudendasse were not numbered.

3:31

Instead, each was named after the

3:33

shield that hung above the entrance, red

3:36

shield, the lion, the lantern,

3:39

the cat. Butler's family,

3:41

the Snappers, lived in the Euler owl

3:43

just inside the Ghettos gates and

3:45

within ears shot of

3:47

the slaughterhouse. Built

3:49

into the backyard of an older house,

3:51

The oiler was not accessed from the street,

3:53

but through an alley and a yard. Like

3:56

most houses, it was occupied by

3:58

more than one family. During

4:00

the twelfth childhood, the Snappers had

4:02

lived at the Euler along with the Geiger's

4:05

and the Shires. In

4:08

relative terms, Guckla was fortunate.

4:10

Since eleven seventy nine, Christians

4:13

had been banned from lending money at interest.

4:16

Some of the city's Jews who were banned

4:18

from many other lines of work ended

4:20

up establishing their own financial operations,

4:23

banks catering to the needs of

4:25

Christian and Jewish merchants alike.

4:28

For several generations, the Snappers

4:31

had run one such business.

4:33

When Gukla's father, Vols, Solomon,

4:36

married Belagance in seventeen fifty

4:38

two,

4:39

the Snapper Bank was doing well enough

4:41

for the couple to be able to relocate from

4:43

the ancestral Snapper home at the

4:45

Oyster, Lantan, to

4:47

the Euler. By the

4:49

time Bella gave birth to Goodler, their first

4:52

child, on the twenty third of August

4:54

seventeen fifty three, Vols

4:56

salaryman had a number of illustrious

4:58

clients, And his work

5:00

would eventually earn him a banking

5:02

pass, which allowed him to leave the

5:04

ghetto at times when the rest

5:06

of the population was locked

5:08

inside. None

5:10

of that meant the Snapper family was immune to

5:12

the perils of fire and violence

5:15

and disease that haunted the

5:17

lives of all Frankfurt Jews.

5:20

Guckla's mother Bella died when Guckla

5:22

was only six. desperate

5:24

to keep the broader family and the alliance

5:26

with his in laws intact. Her

5:28

father soon arranged a new match

5:30

with

5:30

his sister-in-law. Butler's

5:32

aunt became her stepmother.

5:36

The Snappers were not the wealthiest or most

5:38

prestigious family in the ghetto,

5:41

but with their small business and a

5:43

lineage that could be traced to one of the original

5:45

ghetto families, the Gail Houses,

5:47

they were highly reputable and more

5:49

prosperous than most. The

5:52

oiler doubled up as the headquarters of

5:54

the Snappas operation. So

5:56

Guffler spent her early years surrounded

5:58

by the paraffinalia of a

6:00

small eighteenth century banking

6:02

business. Vale expected

6:04

his first child to master basic

6:07

literacy and numeracy so that

6:09

she could help in the family firm.

6:11

In years to come, he knew

6:13

such abilities would allow Goodler to

6:15

aid a future husband in his

6:17

own work. Many

6:19

businessmen in the Yudin Gassa depended

6:21

on their wives as a key source

6:23

of unpaid labor, and

6:25

Volsner must have foreseen that

6:28

good less competence in the business of a

6:30

bank would aid her chances of

6:32

finding a good husband in the ghetto.

6:34

He could never have imagined the

6:37

scale and significance of the dynasty

6:39

that would spring from his first

6:41

daughter's marriage. At

6:43

the root of the Rothschild Empire is

6:45

the figure of a small girl fighting

6:48

for air in the cramped world of

6:50

the Frankfurt ghetto.

6:54

Systems of physical and legal oppression

6:57

confronted by the younger Hitler had

6:59

deep roots. Even

7:01

before the physical walls of the ghetto were

7:03

erected, the city's Jews had

7:05

been confined by harassment, hostility,

7:08

legal disabilities, and violence.

7:11

Before the establishment of Voguetto,

7:13

participation of Jews in the city's

7:15

financial life meant that the underlying

7:17

hostility of the Christian population

7:20

was periodically inflamed by

7:22

business related resentments. And

7:24

for centuries, periods of fragile

7:27

tolerance were punctuated by

7:29

massacres. In the

7:31

problem of twelve forty one, for example,

7:33

more than three quarters of the city's Jewish

7:35

community was killed. A

7:37

century later, a wave of

7:39

anti Jewish violence swept through Europe

7:41

in the wake of the Black Death, and

7:44

Christians burnt the Jewish quarter

7:46

to the ground. As

7:49

Frankfurt continued to prosper on

7:51

the world stage, the status of

7:53

Jews was kept firmly in

7:55

check. In thirteen

7:57

seventy two, a set of laws,

7:59

the British kite, began to

8:01

formalize various forms of discrimination,

8:04

imposing strict rules and prohibitions

8:06

on Jewish work,

8:08

taxes, and residential rights.

8:11

Jews

8:11

were accorded limited recognition

8:14

well short of citizenship. In

8:16

return, they were encumbered by

8:18

levies and obligations including

8:20

a two thousand golden protection

8:23

tax and a two hundred and

8:25

fifty golden annual rent

8:27

for their burial ground. The

8:30

forced resettlement of the Jewish community

8:33

became a serious prospect in fourteen

8:35

thirty one when the Council of

8:37

Basel a General Council of the Roman

8:39

Catholic Church ordered the

8:41

Jews should only live in

8:43

designated areas away from

8:45

the other houses and places of

8:47

Christian worship. Frankfurt

8:50

Christian merchants had other more

8:52

pragmatic reasons for wanting to expel

8:54

their Jewish competitors from the

8:56

commercial and trading center of the

8:58

city. The area

9:00

chosen The Jewish

9:02

resettlement was a narrow strip of

9:04

land curving along the side

9:06

of the city's eastern fortifications.

9:09

the valocarbon

9:09

or moat. Construction

9:12

of buildings began in fourteen

9:14

sixty. Two years later,

9:16

Jews were herded into what became the first

9:19

legally mandated ghetto

9:21

in Europe. By

9:23

sixteen ten, nearly

9:25

three thousand people were crowded

9:27

into two hundred houses.

9:29

New houses were built in the plots

9:32

between old ones, than in the backyards

9:34

of existing structures or in

9:36

the alleyways between them.

9:38

When those spaces became scarce,

9:41

Non residential structures such as

9:43

staples were converted into human

9:45

dwellings, existing buildings

9:47

divided to accommodate multiple families,

9:49

and

9:49

further stories were added.

9:52

As

9:52

buildings were subdivided, so were

9:55

names, a house

9:56

known as the Golden Eliver golden

9:59

lion, for instance,

10:00

became seven different residences,

10:03

each with their own sign. Among

10:05

them, the liva neck, lion's corner,

10:07

the Luvs and Guba lines

10:09

then. Stallant

10:10

water and waste sat in

10:12

the courtyards and passages and

10:14

the

10:14

remains of the old moat ran

10:16

with putrid sewage. In

10:19

the Christian parts of the

10:22

city, the loathing felt for the Jewish

10:24

population was shamelessly

10:26

displayed in public art.

10:28

One

10:29

mural on the book and term an

10:31

imposing tower that stood Sentinel at the

10:33

Riverside entrance to Frankfurt,

10:36

depicted a group of Jews dressed in

10:38

traditional ribbonical clothing devouring

10:41

the feces of a pig

10:43

incited

10:43

by the devil. Another

10:45

directly above it showed a

10:48

dead infant his body

10:50

punctured by stab wounds. The

10:52

child was the victim of a ritual

10:54

murder, a fictional practice

10:56

whereby Jews allegedly slaughtered Christian

10:58

children to use their blood

11:00

in unleavened bread. Normally,

11:03

a tower would be a shower of force to

11:05

warn off external enemies

11:07

In Frankfurt, Jews were

11:09

considered the enemies within.

11:13

Against this backdrop of claustrophobia

11:15

and repression, the community into

11:17

which Gukla was born had developed

11:19

its own distinct politics and

11:21

culture. Frankfort

11:23

Jews spoke their own dialect,

11:25

Eudendorch, a fusion of idiomatic

11:28

German and Hebrew, and had

11:30

their own governors, the Baummeister,

11:32

who were every bit susceptible to

11:35

corruption and overreach as the

11:37

Christian city authorities. Despite

11:40

a legal ban on printing presses in the

11:42

ghetto, the Frankfurt Jews published

11:44

Hebrew commentaries, secular

11:46

texts, manuals of

11:48

religious observance, and the

11:50

popular ballads that became the

11:52

soundtrack to Giggler's childhood.

11:55

The Sewell and Mickver were the first structures

11:57

to be rebuilt and repaired after

12:00

fires swept through the GECO's narrow

12:02

streets. in seventeen eleven and

12:04

seventeen twenty one. A

12:07

dynasty of rabbis dating back to

12:09

the thirteenth century drew

12:11

scholars from all over the continent to

12:13

the Yeshiva, and visitors

12:15

marveled at richly decorated

12:17

stone arches tall windows,

12:19

and fine copper ornament in the

12:21

synagogue. Noted among

12:23

the communal buildings were wine and

12:25

beer taverns and coffee houses,

12:29

While the Scottish kite forbade

12:31

card games, dice games, and roulette,

12:33

other forms of gambling were allowed.

12:35

so long as the stakes were no higher

12:38

than a copper quite so. Inevitably,

12:40

the GECO had its own hierarchies,

12:43

There were variations in legal status

12:45

between those who'd been admitted to the

12:47

rudimentary rights granted by the Kurdish

12:49

kite and others such as

12:51

visiting students and domestic servants.

12:53

There were divisions in reputation

12:56

between esteemed figures such as doctors

12:58

and rabbinic scholars, and those

13:00

such as Republicans and Night Watchmen

13:02

whose occupations were thought of as

13:04

lowly and sometimes painted by

13:06

an association with criminality.

13:09

There were divisions in wealth between the

13:12

destitute and the wealthy merchants or

13:14

bankers, including those, the

13:16

so called court Jews.

13:18

who held appointments as money lenders

13:20

or financiers to rulers of the

13:22

patchwork territories that made

13:24

up the Holy Roman Empire. The

13:27

men of the Frankfurt ghetto by

13:29

focusing on their business, their internal

13:31

politics, and their religious observances

13:34

had built a world of relative liberty

13:36

within the severe limits of the Yudendasa

13:39

and the Stettish kite. As

13:41

a US, however, could push NAPA

13:44

lack access to even this limited

13:46

freedom. On Friday

13:48

evenings after the start of the Chabat,

13:50

she was forbidden to walk in the city. Women

13:52

it was thought would gather in groups

13:54

and bother people. And if

13:56

she contravenes this regulation, he

13:59

could have been halted with feces by

14:01

the community wardens. Only

14:03

married women could attend synagogue on

14:05

Chabat morning, and only women married

14:07

to men born in the Yudin Gasser were

14:09

eligible for the Stedish kite and

14:11

the rights of residence that it conferred.

14:14

marriages had to be made quickly and

14:16

tactically. Only

14:18

twelve were permitted each year in

14:20

the ghetto. In seventeen

14:23

seventy, Guckla was one of the lucky

14:25

ones. Volschnapps secured

14:27

his daughter a match. On

14:29

the twenty ninth of August, after eight days

14:31

of ritual confinement in her family

14:33

home, she made

14:34

her way along the Yudin Gassa to

14:36

the courtyard of the great synagogue.

14:39

The man

14:39

who stood waiting for her had a

14:42

calm gaze and eyes that

14:44

reflected his sanity and

14:46

good sense. He wore the

14:48

bridegroom's press all the tallied

14:50

over a hooded cloak. She

14:52

was

14:52

just seventeen years

14:54

old.

14:55

Thank

14:56

you for listening to this clip

14:59

provided to you by McMillan audio.

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