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John. Hamdan So. If.

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are on the national flag of Greece? And

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the answer is there are two colors and they

1:56

are blue and red. Hello

2:05

everyone Welcome to the History of

2:07

England Episode Four Hundred and One.

2:10

The Mind of a master. Today

2:13

we are going to stop the story

2:15

of war by other means. On one

2:17

hand, that means a long protracted in

2:19

drawn up mental battle between various folks

2:21

and the king. You. Might

2:23

think that doesn't sound very good.

2:25

Surely now the war's over, What

2:27

is needed is reconciliation. After

2:30

all, for nations to he'll let us be

2:32

almost a good well on both sides. From.

2:35

The victors there must be

2:37

magnanimity. From. The

2:39

Loses: There must be a willingness

2:41

to accept the consequences of deceit

2:43

and accept a reasonable compromise settlement.

2:46

Together they must build a time

2:48

consensus of what's needed to bring

2:50

the nation back together in harmony

2:52

and love. And mince pies. Sadly,

2:56

And Sixty Four Six, none of this

2:58

was present from either side. As far

3:01

as parliament was consensus victories times the

3:03

king to cough up the spoils on

3:05

the losing side, jobs displayed. I have

3:07

just a scratch of got you just

3:09

where I want you. Sort. Of

3:12

eschews. That. Is

3:14

considered charles first and his experience in

3:16

the Scottish com where he has said

3:18

from Oxford. Chelsea's. Plan was

3:20

that the Scots would be persuaded to reinstall

3:22

that king on the throne of England. It.

3:25

Is not entirely clear on what terms

3:28

Charles expect to discuss the ten that

3:30

coats on the English allies, but it

3:32

is possible that the go between going

3:34

between king and scout the French and

3:36

voice monster have. Had been guilty

3:38

of shall we say big love. Economical

3:41

with the truth. And

3:43

he led Charles to expect a lot

3:45

more to expect to the Scots was

3:47

panting for is held. And.

3:49

On the other hand have led the

3:52

Scots to believe that that kings beaten

3:54

minutes era was now willing to implement

3:56

that dreams that presbyterian correct established in

3:58

England. Now

4:00

I can imagine you can see why the

4:02

Scots with thing this after all the king's

4:04

os had just been kicked. wouldn't be surprised

4:06

see as I love sailing A big contrite.

4:10

A Why on earth would cells

4:12

think the Scots would now help

4:14

him from there Now, a limp

4:16

in position of strength and it's

4:18

Zeus and Hera. Just take a

4:20

couple of Olympians as examples. They

4:22

were rarely after all, given to

4:24

kindness and compromise. Mainly there were

4:27

given to wealth vengeance. A

4:29

croissant of rogering as well to

4:31

recess? Often inappropriate rogering, but definitely

4:33

not. forgiveness. And with

4:35

a fair I was when the point

4:37

why with discuss details is betting? That

4:39

was the question. Well,

4:42

there are some small grounds

4:44

for it, actually. Charles

4:46

was aware that parliament was more

4:48

more divided between two passes the

4:51

Independence and the Presbyterians, and he

4:53

hopes to exploit those cracks like

4:55

ice in the rocks. Knowing.

4:58

Assuredly, the great animosity

5:01

which is between independent

5:03

and presbyterian. I.

5:05

Have great reason to hope that one

5:07

of the Saxons would sell a dress

5:09

themselves to me. That

5:11

I might without great

5:13

difficulty to obtain my

5:15

so just ends. Trousers.

5:19

Well, the Scots had taken the parliament

5:21

for independence of their Christmas card list.

5:24

And I actually discuss no longer had

5:26

a Christmas card list at all since

5:28

at cancelled Christmas and sixteen forty way

5:30

back on the basis that was no

5:33

mention of mince pies in the bible.

5:35

But my point is. That. Even

5:37

as a Scott did have a Christmas

5:39

card list seen, defenders wouldn't be on

5:41

anymore. They. Feared the

5:43

power of the English independence say

5:45

said it meant tests for their

5:48

hope of i you nice is

5:50

Presbyterian church in the face of

5:52

that four letter word. toleration,

5:56

So. Charles's. Are a

5:58

constant. I needed that lawfully. Divinely appointed

6:00

Mike, They needed his help

6:03

to stop those naughty independence.

6:06

Hand as you say, promises should

6:08

be more than enough to do a

6:10

deal. He would

6:12

make the Scots and the English

6:14

parliament, as he said, irreconcilable enemies.

6:17

He would then sound of the

6:19

head of a great alliance as

6:21

got his Covenanters, new Scots from

6:23

ousters even highlanders and regained his

6:26

kingdom a bright future. For.

6:28

Could go wrong. So.

6:31

Charles tip top of the Scottish camping near

6:33

it and I think it is sad to

6:35

say that if Christmas buntings has not been

6:38

banned given that assorted the Bible's bunting would

6:40

indeed have been hung out by the scouts.

6:43

Minutes others but well and truly ghosted

6:45

to see him knock on the tent

6:47

flap. And they would. This is I said.

6:49

To. Have such a powerful negotiating

6:51

till now in the fight for

6:53

the one true church. And

6:56

good, Well indeed appeared to rule. Charles

6:59

graciously ordered new it to surrender

7:01

which is Julie did. He

7:04

might also to Montrose, who is still

7:06

causing trouble, unknown scholars, intelligence, thanks and

7:08

all, but you know time to go

7:10

to. Montrose. Of course

7:12

reacted in his idiom was

7:14

also to despair, tantrums, furious

7:16

than and probably some poetry

7:18

it's but eventually accepted the

7:20

kings order and set sail

7:22

for no way. As you

7:25

do. But.

7:27

Then things. Start. To

7:29

sour a little. The

7:31

English it weren't for missed as it

7:33

happens on a sofa had over the

7:35

garden fence and ask whoever came back

7:37

place are gone and the Covenanter said

7:40

sorry surely me talking. And

7:42

took the bone or they had found

7:44

thanks to that kennel in Newcastle to

7:46

to it in peace away from prying

7:48

eyes. Tells me more

7:50

Fantasize Sorry, this and to his

7:52

imaginings. His kennels was not

7:54

the date with kind of his estate

7:57

know what sanitizer serves a surplus nor

7:59

indeed mins. Is it happens He

8:01

was accompanied is all times that I

8:03

know places by grim faced musket men.

8:06

He was accompanied at all times

8:08

and in all places by a

8:11

grim faced Covenanter. Insight often tell

8:13

author of the Covenant itself, Alexander

8:15

Henderson. Alex and various

8:18

divines. Said. About convert Charles to

8:20

the ways of Presbyterian of them, they

8:22

used arguments they use some during implication

8:25

they said please, pretty please and even

8:27

bags on their knees as app. The

8:30

covenant us had proved in Scotland

8:32

and irresistible force. Even Montrose,

8:35

as victorious as Hannibal had

8:37

like the Carthaginian. Sailed.

8:39

To your away the Italian allies

8:42

and so failed to capture Rome.

8:44

So fists was the irresistible force

8:46

called the Covenanters. Now.

8:49

They says about moving an object cool

8:51

Charles Church which sure he could not

8:53

prove immovable. Charles.

8:56

So what was happening? He.

8:58

Was horrified. And

9:00

of if we'd had a dartboard the

9:03

picture of months of I would have

9:05

been on it poses no whenever dribble

9:07

twenty, which is clearly impossible dead in

9:10

my experience anyway. He

9:12

told a Jack Osbourne m nice but

9:14

them to save himself and zagat. He

9:17

sat down and relentlessly thought

9:19

the Covenant. it defines trends,

9:22

spicy or logical trends and

9:24

no strong point was abandoned

9:26

by left soaked with intellectual

9:29

blood. Set. Us

9:31

here have some sympathy and praise for

9:33

Charles. Simply because

9:35

as he wrote to Henrietta Maria,

9:38

I. Never knew what it was to

9:40

be so barbarous. The bases before. There.

9:43

Was never a man. so as soon as

9:45

I. Subject:

9:47

So undeniably whiny Praise.

9:50

Because. Charles is nothing if

9:53

not resilient. As hard

9:55

as nails. As

9:57

Conrad Russell wrote it was tells us.

10:00

Trend that caused the civil

10:02

wars every bit as much

10:04

as his agreed just weaknesses.

10:07

Had he not been so good at being

10:09

a party leader, The Civil

10:12

War would not have dragged on

10:14

for four years had he not

10:16

been so resilient. Solely peace would

10:18

have been achieved and relatively quickly.

10:21

But he was. An. Immovable object.

10:24

a mind more closed than

10:26

the tightest of purses at

10:28

the time of round buying.

10:32

In. A short while. A new

10:35

set of peace proposals would arrive

10:37

from a joint team of the

10:39

English Parliament and the Scots in

10:41

the form of Argyll, and they

10:43

shall be called the Newcastle Propositions

10:45

and the Newcastle Propositions shelby that

10:47

name. The. Suspend

10:49

a little while then, considering

10:51

the attitudes that lay behind

10:53

Charles's approach to negotiation over the

10:56

next couple of years, Because.

10:59

By. The time we get here

11:01

in sixteen, forty six I would

11:03

contend controversially bad that Charles may

11:06

have already decided what he meant

11:08

to do. I have

11:10

for you. Three. Items.

11:13

A third. Item. The

11:15

first. Charles would

11:17

not compromise or what he

11:19

called his grounds principles shall

11:21

we call them. He

11:24

might make that go decisions about

11:26

how to get their scheme. I

11:28

concede some trivialities, but his grounds

11:31

were non negotiable. As

11:33

evidenced just one question that could be many

11:35

others. I had to say they are Legion

11:37

The let me use this when. He

11:40

wrote to the ever loyal Nicholas.

11:43

Never to yield up this

11:46

church to the government of

11:48

papers Presbyterians or independence. Know

11:51

to in your my success

11:53

up by lessening the crown

11:55

of what ecclesiastical and military

11:57

power my previous as as.

12:00

Me: No. Of forsake my

12:02

friends, much less to let them

12:04

suffer when I do not for

12:06

their faithfulness to me. He.

12:09

Did this for reasons of conscience. May.

12:12

I remind you that wow one

12:14

received history of the Civil Wars

12:17

is often nasty Puritan religious fanatics.

12:19

Charles was every bit of an

12:21

ethic. Is William praying or Sue

12:23

Peters? He had turned

12:25

his country's painful it's but

12:27

finally embedded and accepted religion

12:30

upside down in pursuit of

12:32

his own selfish vision. He

12:34

refused to abandon bishops because he believed

12:37

they was divinely appointed, on which no

12:39

one agreed with him. And

12:41

like the most some that six

12:43

piereson, he was a servant believer

12:46

in divine providence. As

12:48

he had made clear to Hamilton,

12:51

everything had gone so badly and

12:53

bloodedly wrong. Know because he was

12:55

an idiot, but because of God's

12:57

providence, he was being punished for

13:00

allowing stress. It's execution. Okay

13:03

item the seconds. He

13:06

was perfectly happy to lie,

13:08

cheat, and to mislead during

13:10

negotiations. This. Is a claims

13:13

of the great some Your Garden or

13:15

made when he described him as obstinate,

13:17

unrealistic, and untruthful. Now I

13:19

can see your hand to gang up at

13:21

the front. you're the back. Sit up straight

13:23

with you and your objection is that sells

13:25

was a man of honor. Well.

13:28

By his lights he was. Is

13:30

he made a specific oath he

13:32

would abide by his word until

13:34

death to just getting his parole

13:36

for example, But putting

13:39

suggestions and making commitments on the

13:41

negotiating table was not by his

13:43

light an ice. He was. Entirely

13:46

reversible. He

13:48

admitted the same to the Scots commissioners when

13:50

he said to them. Many.

13:53

Things may be fit to the offered

13:55

to obtain a treaty with I may

13:57

be altered when one comes to tree.

14:01

I notice that. The rebels

14:03

were barely worth respect, let alone

14:06

the rough end of a pineapple.

14:08

In his mind, he was not

14:10

dealing with equals or people that

14:12

deserved. Honestly, they were simply rebels,

14:14

rapacious and malignant opportunists and therefore.

14:17

Have. No account. Never.

14:19

Once with Charles, be intelligent or

14:22

flexible enough to renaissance. His opponents

14:24

were every bit as passionate, committed,

14:26

and sincere as he was or

14:29

worse worthy of accommodation. I.

14:31

Am put in mind possibly inappropriately

14:33

of the famous quote by Richard

14:35

the Seconds when he had finally

14:37

defeated the rebels and was taking

14:39

his vengeance. A rustic you were

14:41

born and a rustic you will

14:43

remain. I could be wrong. But

14:46

I do don't think there's a

14:49

single occasions where Charles thinks hard

14:51

enough to initiate and negotiation with

14:53

a specific set of proposals. Or

14:55

he does. Bylaws is put out

14:58

feelers or respond to proposals made

15:00

to him. Cells.

15:02

Has already been guilty of multiple

15:05

examples of lying and outrageous duplicity,

15:07

but that was find a source.

15:09

He was concerned because as he

15:11

reminded Nicholas. That they

15:14

were aren't rebels. And the

15:16

end must be dumb

15:18

nations ruin and infamy.

15:20

Accept save repented. Despite.

15:24

His public protestations, cells.

15:27

Was. Not looking for a piece that

15:29

both sides could live with and then get

15:31

on in harmony. and it's he was looking.

15:34

To win. His. Honor, Position

15:36

and Conscience. Required it has

15:39

this God is he was father to

15:41

his people as he claimed so often.

15:43

I am very glad my father was

15:46

nothing like. It's not my idea of

15:48

parenthood. Is in a spare.

15:50

The rod spoil the child school I suppose.

15:53

Okay, last item item

15:55

the third. He

15:58

was confident that he would win in the end. Charles

16:01

believed deeply in Providence. As I

16:03

say. And he believe

16:05

that God would not suffer rebels

16:07

to succeed against him. He

16:10

displayed constant overconfidence in whatever his

16:12

latest daft scheme was. His history

16:15

is littered with him backing wild

16:17

and silly long shots sites the

16:19

Incident in Scotland or the Army

16:21

Pulse in England. But. Irrespective

16:24

of those he needs it.

16:26

In the end, he held

16:28

the ace in the whole.

16:30

he held the needs on

16:33

the ultimate planet buster. Bigger.

16:36

Cause there was no solution possible

16:38

with asking. It is inconceivable to

16:40

have a state without a king

16:42

that just doesn't work. so it

16:44

didn't matter where power lay. He.

16:47

Always held the power of veto.

16:51

He would share his hand that same

16:53

one. negotiations when he dismisses the best

16:55

offer he will ever get. An absolute

16:58

giveaway budget. And he rejects it

17:00

with us activation. As. We will

17:02

hear he looked eyes and rains brown the others in

17:04

the eye and he said. You. Cannot

17:07

be without me. You

17:09

will fall to ruin if I.

17:11

Do. Not sustain you. But

17:14

even if he was not to be the

17:17

instrument of God's providential punishment of the rebels,

17:19

that it would be his son who would

17:21

be the hammer of the rustic. And

17:24

to ensure that he was prepared

17:26

to die rather than to give

17:28

way. I had

17:30

to quotes for. Firstly, To.

17:33

Hamilton. Here he writes

17:35

said he was. Resolved.

17:37

That know extremity, know misfortune

17:39

shall make me use. For.

17:42

I will either be a glorious

17:44

king. Or. A patient

17:46

Marta. And

17:48

then rising to. Gorgeous.

17:50

And gormless George Digby. If

17:54

I cannot live is a I

17:56

would die as a martyr. Okay,

18:01

So there are my three items. Possibly

18:03

as an extreme and possibly my mask

18:05

of balance and even handedness has dropped

18:07

to reveal the snarling, troubling Republic fanatic.

18:09

and find it. But.

18:12

Conrad Russell's feuds was that

18:14

Charles's adherents tooth conscience effectively

18:17

meant a complete with of

18:19

the entire political process. That

18:21

seems to me harsh. But.

18:24

From. A. Large part of

18:26

why we got into this mess and the

18:28

answer as to why we're not going to

18:30

get out of it in one piece or

18:33

indeed in piece. Of

18:35

the Walrus, criticizes Charles for

18:37

not having a strategy. A

18:40

view of what he would settle for In the

18:42

end. On. His reading of

18:44

what happens just just keep holding out

18:46

for more. Driven by runaway optimism. but

18:48

in my humble opinion and I am

18:51

not worthy so much as to gather

18:53

up the historical crumbs from around Woolworths,

18:55

his camping stove, Even this

18:57

gives Charles too much credit. I

19:00

prefer richest Tufts view that all

19:03

the concessions Charles offers. Was

19:05

simply to play for time.

19:08

Time. To. Allow him

19:10

to raise in the army from

19:12

Scotland. Time to raise any army

19:15

from Ireland, time to raise an

19:17

army from France, Holland, whereas a.

19:20

Time to find a to have a

19:22

trick from some was. Essentially

19:25

the Second Civil War, which is

19:27

on his way, by the way,

19:29

was exactly what Charles is working

19:31

towards from the moment he crossed

19:33

Maudlin Bridge. Another bite at the

19:35

cherry of glorious victory which would

19:37

I never to leave his i

19:40

am sorry or these shows them

19:42

also adherents out there. I know

19:44

this and uncompromising V, but this

19:46

is mighty with which I imagine

19:48

many more intelligent people will disagree.

19:50

But that is my hill. A

19:53

hill on which I'm categorically not prepared

19:55

to die. Awesome and nice. Jammed. I

19:57

know, and I'll come down willingly. Maybe

20:00

that's where parliament when wrong. Anyway,

20:04

in summary, getting way from jam

20:06

datasets: Item number one. no compromise

20:08

on must have concerns. Item number

20:10

takes place or time with plausible

20:13

concessions Because they're only rebels, Give

20:15

me time because in the and

20:17

I would inevitably crush them. Items

20:19

Free. No. One can succeed

20:21

without the king. If. It

20:24

doesn't work out. Martyrdom is

20:26

preferable and I will preserve

20:28

my legacy for my son.

20:30

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21:10

better get on with some events and

21:12

devoid events. In. July. Sixty

21:14

Four Six. As. He sat

21:16

in his prison school room and

21:18

sorrows. Newcastle Down Charles will receive

21:21

a delegation from London with a

21:23

set of peace proposals with the

21:25

blessings of the Scots. They

21:27

have become known as the Newcastle Propositions other sites

21:30

and I know going to tell you why they

21:32

were called that. They.

21:34

Were a disaster to

21:36

chose. Even. Harsher

21:39

than the sixteen forty four Oxford

21:41

Street in that it's that absolutely

21:43

zero chance. Presumably the

21:45

idea he was hates the king of been

21:48

beaten. He has no options left. A nice

21:50

must agree to whatever poisons we set him

21:52

up. Because. We know

21:54

that in Charles's view and everyone

21:56

else has to be fair except

21:58

possibly Henry Melton. Those to

22:01

be No treaty without the king. I

22:03

mean, we must having messily so

22:05

without the kings agreement, there is

22:07

nothing. The.

22:10

Sense of reconciliation. Though

22:12

is absolutely. Absence.

22:14

From any aspects of the

22:16

parliamentary authors of the Newcastle

22:18

Propositions. When. I may not even

22:21

have considered what would happen if Charles turn

22:23

them down. Here

22:25

are the main points: Charles have to

22:27

swear to the Solemn League and Covenant.

22:30

his kingdoms would all become presbyterian and

22:32

know bishops. Also, they will be no

22:34

Book of Common Prayer That without. Parliament.

22:37

Was to control all minutes he

22:39

forces for twenty years. I possibly

22:42

until after tells his death and

22:44

it probably. and even after

22:46

that that regime control of those any war

22:48

going on. Parliament. Will

22:50

control the appointment of all ministers.

22:52

There is a load of other

22:54

stuff. And. He peers he made

22:56

since exceed forty two were example.

22:58

We're not peers anymore. There

23:01

was a massive list that his

23:03

good mates who were excluded from

23:05

any pardon and therefore presumably it's

23:07

we're heading shop woods. The

23:11

Nice also propositions came with the

23:13

space of the Treaty of Versailles

23:15

as opposed to the Congress of

23:17

Vienna squeeze him until the ten

23:19

squeak sorta thing. I

23:21

believe the commissioner's during the propositioning of

23:23

this cup of poison. With. The

23:25

else of Pembroke and suffered and the

23:27

Scottish Lord Loud and and argyle. Not.

23:30

Unreasonably, Charles looked up from his

23:33

readings and assuming these were a

23:35

starting point given that swag getting

23:37

to yes means you know negotiating.

23:40

So he asked them if they

23:42

were authorized to negotiate. They.

23:45

All looked a bit grim and a

23:47

bit embarrassed. Pembroke in Suffolk probably shuffle

23:49

their feet a better look to the

23:52

floor. Algol wasn't given to shilly shallying

23:54

say probably just a kind of a

23:56

long pole on that courtroom lemon he

23:58

always kept handy and low. then developed

24:00

his bond mo in his head because

24:03

sounds with that, this is what you

24:05

get. A sign here please. Charles

24:08

lost his famous composer just a

24:10

little bit. Why?

24:12

Are already posts guys here? then? An

24:15

honest trumpeter might have done as

24:17

much. Which is a good

24:20

point. Loud and then

24:22

delivered his Bond movie which was

24:24

that is he didn't say as

24:26

he would be deposed. I

24:29

must say is a line that just doesn't get

24:31

used enough in what follows. The.

24:33

As be says, Charles the Prince of

24:35

Wales was free and out of parliament,

24:37

control of his youngest son's James and

24:39

and we weren't states that have been

24:41

popped on to the throne. Silly.

24:44

Would have been harvey messy. Interesting

24:46

though, they could have threatened them

24:48

or. Really? Tells

24:50

his former reply therefore was at need need

24:52

time to think about it to that square

24:55

it was left for a while. Although

24:58

he did have another suggestion

25:00

to look, he said presently,

25:02

no doubt reasonably. Why

25:05

don't I come down to London

25:07

so much easier to talk the

25:09

I can get in touch with

25:11

every one. It. Is

25:13

a cunning Suggestions It sounds so

25:16

reasonable. Bookshelves knew exactly what

25:18

he was doing. He knew that was

25:20

a strong desire amongst the poor old

25:22

people of England to get rid of

25:24

all the expense of the army's and

25:26

there was a strong groundswell of sympathy

25:29

for the king. After all, we've got

25:31

used to kings. So.

25:33

He figured that be plenty of precious for

25:35

an easy deal. Once he was in, London's

25:38

people could see him, people would rally to

25:40

him. However, none of the

25:42

parliamentary leaders charles had to deal

25:44

with word daft enough to be

25:47

followed by this. This applies even

25:49

fall and on a second. And

25:52

they will never agree to Charles

25:54

coming into London's before an agreement

25:56

is signed and sealed Sets nice

25:58

try King that. What

26:02

are you thinking about? All of this

26:04

an old flame came out of the

26:07

woodwork. Is flames come out of the

26:09

woodwork. The old flame was called the

26:11

Cheek of Hamilton. Member. Him

26:13

Charles's seventeen Scotland thrown into

26:15

Pendennis Castle by a king

26:18

with frankly, unreasonable expectations and

26:20

a lack of self awareness.

26:23

And. Then fried eventually by setbacks and

26:25

his army. Spot. For

26:27

good reason, Hamilton the had declared

26:29

his solid, unshakable resolution never to

26:31

go back into politics again. He

26:34

had signed the covenant but his

26:36

previous life guidance and puts his

26:38

slippage feet up. However,

26:41

His Royalists brother, the Earl

26:43

of Learning, had other ideas

26:45

He had nags him and

26:47

straighten his bottle of resolutions,

26:49

and Hamilton's resolution had fallen

26:51

out. So. He was

26:54

that he returns and added his

26:56

voice to the core of Charles

26:58

to just signed the Newcastle Propositions

27:00

just under that under abject defeat.

27:04

Hamilton will have a significant part still

27:06

to play in our story. Tells

27:09

us how to add. Options are

27:11

remarkably the first I was in

27:14

Ireland. We spoke

27:16

last time me with a about

27:18

a split in the Confederate Association.

27:21

The split was between the royalists on

27:23

one hand, on the clerical party, on

27:25

to other. The wrong

27:27

spot in the Confederacy's wanted to

27:30

work and revised the resisting paradigms

27:32

they wanted to treat with omens.

27:34

They want to keep tabs on

27:37

the throne and defeat parliament. Then

27:39

they would negotiate with a grateful

27:41

king. And until June

27:44

Sixteen Forty six. At this time,

27:46

they were still in the ascendant

27:48

And even at the point of

27:50

gathering an army of nine thousand

27:53

soldiers to breathe life back into,

27:55

tells his chances. Ranged

27:58

against them though in the Confederacy

28:00

will the clerical party led by

28:02

Cardinal already Chini. Now

28:04

they were separatists or renew Cheney

28:06

cat not wound joked about Charles

28:08

his focus was international from the

28:10

counter reformation church. He agreed with

28:12

most of the arms pledge yeah

28:14

see that the thing to do

28:16

with the seize control of all

28:18

on and stick out the gems

28:20

or and these concerning this reestablish

28:22

the supremacy of the Catholic church

28:24

under the pipe and only then

28:26

possibly negotiate with Charles from a

28:28

fortress on and or undies just

28:30

ignored cells and find a fresh

28:32

protect us from Catholic Europe. Still,

28:36

Brushing aside the clerical objects is

28:39

the Royalists and omens. Army of

28:41

Deliverance was on the point of

28:43

leaving for England when news arrived.

28:46

News. Of. A great victory. For.

28:50

That news let me take to Ulster

28:52

and the commander of the Confederate forces.

28:54

that's oh, in ruin. Nail, a thoroughgoing

28:57

supporter of the card. Now it's the

28:59

clerical party and that paypal cause O'neill

29:01

was bread and unnecessary of arm Since

29:04

a boy, he had fought for the

29:06

Catholic Church for Spain and he had

29:08

sold the Liberation of Ireland says he

29:10

was knee high to a grasshopper. He

29:13

had returned to Island and had fought

29:16

the new Scots under Robert Monroe and

29:18

fault them to a standstill. But.

29:20

In June Sixty Four Six Monroe

29:22

is nice cars and the luggage

29:25

militia militia the local protestant awesome

29:27

and says an opportunity to bring

29:29

this rebel to his distractions and

29:31

indeed to these doom. So

29:34

they. Went after him with all they

29:36

had and after a long exhausting say brown

29:38

him down as a place called Ben Bird.

29:41

Square. O'neill was finally forced

29:43

to turn and to fight.

29:47

As. His battle lines were formed.

29:49

O'neill gave this rousing speech

29:51

to his men. All

29:54

Christendom knows yo quarrel is

29:56

good to fight for your

29:59

native bathroom and the religion

30:01

of your forefathers. Well.

30:04

That did the trick. Monroe and

30:06

his men were thoroughly routed three

30:08

thousand Scots an awesome and killed

30:10

or taken prisoner as Monroe Fred

30:12

two turrets fergus his days as

30:15

an offensive threat. Wherever.

30:18

Meanwhile in Rome, the pope that bit of a

30:20

cartwheel went to that a test of his in

30:22

the Vatican and dug out the sold a

30:24

few O'neill's He gave it a bit a spit

30:26

and polish with his catholic and said at island

30:29

with his congratulations. A

30:31

renewed genie. That clerical party and

30:33

his warrior O'neill We're now. Dominance.

30:37

And Charles's hope for an army of

30:39

salvation from Ireland was dead. as the

30:41

traditional. Doornail. Ormond

30:44

was now left trying to hold on

30:47

to Dublin with just the English government

30:49

forces as a nail on the Confederate

30:51

forces gathered to go to England originally

30:53

gathered now to destroy him. and through

30:56

the last of the scouts on the

30:58

English. Out of Ireland. Now.

31:01

The seems no real prospect of

31:03

help from France or Spain either.

31:06

And so it was the England that

31:08

the great I have Charles turned from

31:10

his mental battered door. He

31:12

had high hopes. that has jacob

31:14

as they have predicted the independent

31:17

some Presbyterians would fall out. And.

31:19

You know he was right. The two groups,

31:22

really? we're not getting on. As

31:24

illustration of this point, we might turn

31:26

to a chap called Thomas Edwards. Thomas

31:29

was a rather interns presbyterian divine.

31:31

All certainly held opinions because the

31:34

wind had been placed right up

31:36

the good minister Edwards in places

31:38

where breezes release of not blow

31:41

and he was determined to so

31:43

the weather out. The

31:46

basic worry of Edwards and all

31:48

Presbyterians in fact, English and Scouts

31:51

was always blather about toleration. Oh,

31:54

the assignment from Coleman Street and

31:56

ministers like John Good wins a

31:58

not only home grown sectors. A.

32:00

Return from the Colonists one Roger

32:03

Williams had published They tracked while

32:05

back in London for a while

32:07

code that bloody tenant of persecution

32:09

for cause of conscience. This

32:11

extended toleration and not only to processes

32:13

which was bad enough, but even Catholics,

32:16

Jews, and Muslims. I mean, what was

32:18

to be done with people? I that.

32:21

Fortunately, For Edwards, Williams had

32:23

most get a charter to establish the

32:26

Colony of Rhode Island through the offices

32:28

of that of us. raging sectarian three

32:30

vain and have a gun Good riddance

32:33

to bad rubbish in as he babies

32:35

view. Edwards

32:38

lashed out. In.

32:40

Three volumes of a book called

32:42

gangrene us. Over nine months, he

32:44

lashed out at all those tub

32:46

preaches, atheists, anabaptists of worst of

32:48

all, unruly, an opinionated women. Run.

32:51

The Catherine Satellites and had tracked of

32:53

Sixty Forty One Well, she published more

32:56

by then, as I see all the

32:58

evil I described in Gangrene as a

33:00

brazen say so days has a woman.

33:04

In the third volume. Edwards.

33:06

Process. Aiming at two more

33:09

sources of outrageous toleration levels

33:11

and all that posses half

33:13

baked ideas. I mean,

33:15

not just about toleration bizarre at

33:17

polling disrespect for the constitution of

33:19

me to how dare they. Sat

33:22

was a breeding ground for

33:24

the disease of independency, some

33:26

that he turned his guns,

33:29

particularly on the wildly charismatic

33:31

army preacher and Chaplin soup

33:33

Peters with his vulgar chassis

33:35

almost bassoon Asus style. That

33:38

independence didn't that gangrene a go

33:40

unchallenged There were over says he

33:42

conference published in response. But

33:45

Gangrene Of was massively popular. and

33:47

in the face of the perceived

33:50

threat to England's any reformed religious

33:52

settlements and the partnership with the

33:54

Scots, the forces of Presbyterian isn't

33:57

assembled. That will

33:59

it once was. One of those who

34:01

had published responses to gangrene s one

34:03

or more polite one's actually it's gently

34:05

based on reasons using wit and irony

34:08

to promote a society based on love.

34:11

But while in later remember this.

34:14

As. A time as serious reaction.

34:17

That. Break fourth, Hear about London?

34:20

A spirits of persecution. whereby.

34:23

Private meetings were molested and

34:25

divers pastors of congregations imprisoned

34:27

or no threatened. Mr.

34:30

Edwards and others. Sell. Sell

34:32

upon them with his gangrene.

34:34

After gangrene, Slander.

34:36

Upon slander. Now

34:39

Charles might have enjoyed the discord in his

34:41

opponents' camp, but the truth was that says,

34:43

for the moment all the gun seem to

34:45

be helped by the Presbyterians and so it

34:48

might be unlikely to do him much good.

34:50

It was beginning to look as though

34:52

independent seats would just be one more

34:54

blip, one more sleeping police and in

34:56

the highway of English history. The

34:59

trouble is. That. The Independence didn't seem

35:01

to have enough powerful friends outside the

35:03

army. Or the forces

35:05

of the Presbyterians were legion

35:08

and powerful. The London

35:10

Common Council who money and influence

35:12

was dominated by Presbyterians public opinion

35:15

was becoming rather and see army

35:17

All of a sudden biggest armies

35:19

costs me and everyone sees it

35:22

all. Those excise tax isn't this

35:24

Weekly and monthly assessments. Now.

35:27

The presence of the schools in England did

35:30

seem, suggesting this is a new still needed

35:32

for the minute. The sense of independent states

35:34

was most concentrated in the army and satellites.

35:36

The army was no longer flavor of the

35:39

month and probably on the whales. It.

35:41

Was rather yesterday's news. Roberts

35:43

yeah I seven army once.

35:48

In parliament, the House of Lords

35:50

was dominated by presbyterians, leaving Say

35:52

and Sale and a couple of

35:54

others isolated. The story

35:56

in the Commons I was a bit more complicated. It's

35:59

composition has changed because from Aug

36:01

Sixty Forty Five, a very large

36:04

number of elections had taken place.

36:06

Recruiter elections they will code basically

36:08

these what by elections to refill

36:10

empty seats which had been vacated

36:12

by death. or royal isn't. One.

36:15

View has it that many of

36:18

these two hundred and seventy new

36:20

mps were largely can services because

36:22

that often come from constituencies which

36:24

had formerly been royalist. But the

36:26

more common View eyesight is actually

36:28

that most were radical, and certainly

36:31

among the two hundred and seventy

36:33

employees are some of the most

36:35

radical. Does my the

36:37

old selves denying ordinance presumably now

36:39

thought out of date that were

36:42

radical. The army officers among them

36:44

Henry I it's and Edmunds Lovelace,

36:46

Thomas Rains Breath and Thomas Harrison.

36:50

Others were also radical. In January

36:52

Sixteen, Forty six, the republican Henry

36:54

Melton I've been returned as a

36:57

recruiter opponent. To

36:59

the tricky for the circle to be squared you

37:01

know the want us to whet our lay in

37:03

the commons. In general the

37:05

also in the early Sixty Forty Seven

37:07

sorry steady building of the Presbyterian dominance

37:10

of policy and parliament and get they

37:12

were to lose some key votes suggesting

37:14

that the Independence could still some in

37:16

large numbers of mps in the Commons

37:18

if they were forced into. There

37:22

are a few possible answers to

37:24

the circle: squaring tones. One.

37:26

Was at as yet the army and

37:28

his latest were not particularly engage with

37:30

parliament and the political process. Sachs

37:33

was with the army. Having failed

37:35

to get elected as an Mp

37:37

in mother dodgy circumstances. From.

37:40

I was causing parliament the seems not

37:42

to take an uptick active role. By.

37:45

The way Cromwell news in June

37:47

a crumble had seen his eldest

37:49

daughter Bridget married to Henry I.

37:51

it's and. They were married

37:53

by says axes Chaplin in the house

37:56

of Lady Jane Forward Now Also, it's

37:58

which is sadly ironic. Given that

38:00

Jane Whole would was to be famously

38:02

active in helping Royal escape attempts, of

38:05

which more at some point no doubt.

38:08

Cromwell was very close to Biddy as

38:10

he quarter so worried about had to

38:12

buy She and her new husband Henry

38:15

I it's and were as serious as

38:17

religious as or the himself and so

38:19

it's com I would be moved to

38:21

a chair to listen less to the

38:23

voice of fear and more see the

38:25

voice of love. Com

38:27

or seems at this time to have

38:29

a quiet domestic period for six months

38:31

rather than a resolution ribbon. He and

38:33

his this but his wife moved to

38:35

a smaller house in Drury Lane and

38:37

set up shop that he appears to

38:39

have made few interventions in the Commons.

38:42

Not the Fairfax and Cromwell for on

38:44

earth where of the conflict for. Step.

38:47

In August, sixteen forty six from Well

38:49

had written to his friend and commanding

38:51

officer that. Things are

38:53

not what in Scotland would they were

38:56

in England we are full of Saxon

38:58

and was. Another

39:01

answer to the squaring of

39:03

circles is that passes was

39:05

very much not some at

39:07

this stage. Said. The majority

39:09

of mps voted on the issues rather

39:11

than with party, and it was perfectly

39:14

possible to be a presbyterian in religious

39:16

terms and independent and political allegiance or

39:18

indeed, vice versa. Isaac.

39:21

Pennington of the London Council Or such

39:23

a beast? Presbyterian. By

39:25

religion, a supporter of the

39:28

independence and politics. The

39:30

other explanation lies in organization to

39:32

whereas the Independence seem to have

39:34

been not much of a party

39:36

and more a collection of people

39:39

who sometimes agreed with each other.

39:41

The Presbyterian sanctions had better

39:44

organization and what's more a

39:46

strategy. This. Came together in

39:48

the person of an old friend of

39:50

ours. and the podcasts. Denzel.

39:53

Hollis. Hollis.

39:55

Was strongly presbyterian and fully

39:58

where the danger posed the

40:00

Presbyterian settlement by the Independence.

40:02

It also been sought to the core

40:05

by the violence of the war. And

40:08

he recognized that what most people

40:10

once is was just to end

40:12

this war and end these taxes.

40:15

They. Wanted things to go back to normal

40:17

as far as they could possibly go. And

40:20

followers he had a plan to do

40:22

that. So. Here is

40:24

the Hollows road map to peace and

40:26

glory. It is a mansion with a

40:28

few rooms. First. Room

40:31

get rid of the Scots, they were

40:33

deeply unpopular in England and the North

40:35

on their bill would be enormous. Are

40:37

getting rid of their army would remove

40:40

a source of anger towards Parliament, both

40:42

in terms of money and taxes and

40:44

the pain that were causing the citizens

40:46

of the North. with that quartering and

40:48

plundering sort of thing. Next,

40:51

the English army need to go

40:53

and go as quickly as possible

40:55

and with the Scots com and

40:57

the war over, there would be

41:00

no need for that anyway. So

41:02

the army must be disbanded. Accept

41:04

a contingent which would be needed to

41:07

be sent over to on and to

41:09

finally found me put down that succeed

41:11

forty one rebellion thing. Final:

41:14

Room in a mansion he would then organized face

41:16

to face. Also the king sol you have easy

41:18

enough to reach a deal once the pressure was

41:20

off. Oh. And also the

41:22

added benefit of demilitarization was that it

41:25

would lead to the end of the

41:27

new model which has edwards has some

41:29

good was a hot bed of

41:31

independency. I

41:34

think I may start using a

41:36

code here. Hollis and Co se

41:38

their mind for cause he wasn't

41:40

alone. but he is a good

41:42

shorthand as the leading member of

41:44

the Presbyterian parties and their policies.

41:47

Some of his cause associates we

41:49

have heard of before says William

41:51

Printer the hairless. there is the

41:54

eggs Gen. William Wallace and Edward

41:56

Massey of the Western Association Army

41:58

as Williams trade remember. Some of

42:00

the early days of the revolution, another

42:02

trials have suffered. Edward Holly The son

42:05

of really Ana Holly the Net it

42:07

out said that she'd written to right

42:09

up. There will be

42:11

eleven of them, their enemies will

42:14

want them gone, And sixteen, forty

42:16

seven. Okay, so Hollis and

42:18

Co, what's on? Us and Co were

42:20

far better organized some independence where. The

42:23

committee of both Kingdoms was no longer

42:26

really appropriate given the end of the

42:28

wolves as have a new version was

42:30

formed which would become known as the

42:32

Darby House Committee. This

42:34

was so dominated by Presbyterians that's

42:36

a few independents on it like

42:38

Mary Vain and Lord Say and

42:40

Sale. Very bothered to even attend.

42:43

Policy also has a tacit

42:45

support of the London Corporations

42:47

and of the Westminster Assembly

42:49

of Designs. And

42:51

the Westminster Assembly would be

42:54

critical. Solace. His plans.

42:57

First of all, they helped him

42:59

with a scheme to clear independence

43:01

out from the army by insisting

43:03

that all offices signs the solemn

43:05

League and Covenant, which no independent

43:08

would want to do, willingly insisting

43:10

as it did on a uniform

43:12

Presbyterian church, Snell of this put

43:14

says Ice in a very difficult

43:16

position, so. He. Took really

43:18

thought of tells his book and he does

43:21

that and he prevaricates it's he considers the

43:23

idea. But. The bigger prize

43:25

from the Westminster Assembly was the means

43:27

to get rid of the Scottish army

43:29

because that was going to need money

43:31

and a loss of his and the

43:33

Westminster Assembly might be able to deliver

43:36

that. Stuff.

43:38

By the awesome all gotten the common answers

43:40

Were beginning to realize that while they thought

43:42

they'd won the jackpot spin, Charles popped his

43:44

head round the corner their tents in Newark

43:46

and Code Out is Friendly watches. Their

43:49

prized actually saw under the category

43:51

of booby. Because

43:54

Charles was very stubborn. Know

43:56

I have to say in all honesty

43:58

the the Stubborn Box or the a

44:01

very crowded place. Certainly Charles had to

44:03

fight the Elbow Room because it was

44:05

a heavily populated by scouts and presbyterians.

44:08

But. He still stood out. Patel

44:11

did make some concessions to try and

44:13

get the Scots on board or at

44:15

least seemed to look. He said a

44:17

knifes control the military at what is

44:19

a king without concern of the ministry.

44:21

but I will give it up. Said

44:23

ten years though not twenty. Also, I'll

44:25

put up with Presbyterians and for three

44:27

years and then we'll see. But

44:29

no, I won't sign that damn

44:31

them or covenant. Now

44:34

masses around the and vehicle very very

44:36

heated in the Scottish Parliament on the

44:38

subject of what to do about this

44:40

offer. It was proposed that is Charles

44:42

receives the signs the new Passover Newcastle

44:45

propositions as they were an indie, The

44:47

Covenant the Scottish I'm it should come

44:49

Home. And they would charge

44:51

the English I see for providing said

44:53

army as originally agreed of coasts and

44:55

also that would hand over the king

44:58

to sweeten the deal. While.

45:00

The debate in the Scots bomb was

45:02

Red House. Because Argyle

45:05

now say strong opposition from

45:07

an emerging Li strong royalist

45:09

function headed. By. None other

45:11

than are old friends that use of Hamilton.

45:14

Who Atlanta and Charles is urging

45:16

had where they returned his bloody

45:19

nose to the grindstone of royal

45:21

service. With a

45:23

leader, the royalist function resides.

45:26

On the debate about what to do with

45:28

Charles was not gentle. See. Never

45:31

remember to have seen anything

45:33

carried with so much violence

45:35

and bitterness. For. Them. But.

45:38

The proposal was indeed carriage is

45:40

the English paid their dues. They.

45:42

Were answer their. Shells

45:45

hangs nice. Contemplated flight and tried

45:47

in fact to bribe at David's

45:49

Leslie the General. Oh to no

45:52

avail. To that

45:54

brings us banks as matter of money that

45:56

I introduced. Og Har ordered

45:58

the Scottish commissioners and. Than to agree

46:00

a price for the Scottish contribution to the

46:03

war effort. And so they

46:05

presented a bell for than two million quid

46:07

place. That was nice enough. It's a nice

46:09

in the phrase oh you're hiring our that's

46:11

our artsy you will have a little joke

46:14

where'd you. In in the

46:16

process, four hundred thousand quid. so over

46:18

four times the value of a king's

46:20

ransom by Ricardian standards. Wariner

46:23

with a gonna yell that Catherine. Well.

46:27

That brings us back to the Westminster

46:29

Assembly of Designs. In October

46:31

at last october Sixty Four to at

46:34

as on their recommend our soon a

46:36

the nature of the English Church was

46:38

changed. The. Book of

46:41

Common Prayer Cranmer masterpiece. Was.

46:43

Banned it wasn't a Moore's had ceased to

46:45

be and was not simply resting. seconds.

46:48

A. Or. The episcopate was finely

46:50

balanced. Know bishops no more. This was

46:53

one of the easy of those halas

46:55

had to arrange actually, Independence.

46:57

When Okinawa, bishops and the presbyterians

46:59

were. But one

47:01

key corollary the departure the

47:03

bishops was that Sundance now

47:05

belongs to the state. And

47:08

could be sold. You know, some

47:10

money. Over. Four hundred

47:12

thousand pounds of the folding stuff while

47:14

bending. It took

47:16

process to a days for all the bishops

47:19

and and to be sued. Such was the

47:21

quality is a deal offered. And

47:23

so. Policy. And co had

47:25

their money. By

47:27

February Sixteen forty seven the

47:29

last got a soldier. had

47:31

Julie less Newcastle. They're

47:33

sitting alone on a policy cases as

47:36

half finished seduces with a by saying

47:38

please will cost of this kings was

47:40

King Charles left to the tender mercies

47:43

of the English to sculpt done their

47:45

best that the English have a go.

47:49

I have three more thing say before we

47:51

send as. Many. As

47:53

column were appalled by this. Tells

47:56

angry complaints himself that he been

47:58

bought and sold. The

48:00

name remarking that he'd been sold

48:02

at to cheaper rate many of

48:05

his subjects sorry agreed. In Scotland

48:07

and the strength of the Royalists

48:09

covenant a party grew that would

48:12

have consequences. Secondly,

48:14

the abolition of bishops is a

48:17

traditional Church of England's very hard

48:19

indeed. There. Were

48:21

broadly three responses from their ministers.

48:25

One. Group except is that the Church of

48:27

England had changed and they stayed within is. Another

48:30

group refused to accept this was

48:32

that church anymore, but nonetheless stayed

48:35

to manage and help that congregations.

48:38

A third group became effectively

48:40

receipts, tearing out services around

48:42

the Book of Common Prayer

48:44

in secret. And

48:47

thirdly, then the New Model Army, and along

48:50

with it the cause of independency, sit on

48:52

the edge. Hollis and

48:54

Co. calculated that was little supposed

48:56

I was the army would now

48:58

evaporate with the departure of the

49:00

scouts and it could be safely

49:02

disbanded cheaply. hopefully. And

49:05

against the when a parliament the independence now

49:07

looks powerless. It wasn't that

49:09

there have been there resistance and sixteen Forty

49:12

Six fairfax him to tix in Us and

49:14

seem to sort of political leadership from the

49:16

army and he and the Independence had achieved

49:18

one major victory. Wedding September

49:21

the Presbyterian mps had demanded

49:23

a started to demobilization. Sachs

49:25

had raised a storm and

49:27

insisted that it it should

49:29

not be from the new

49:32

model that this early demobilization

49:34

happened. Spare from the Presbyterian

49:36

Edward Messes West and the

49:38

say say Tsunami who were

49:40

at deeply unruly, deeply unpopular

49:43

looks. So bad

49:45

with the Western armies reputation that

49:47

blow me as the Independent, didn't

49:49

win the vote in parliament. It

49:51

was the one major triumph for

49:53

the independent cause and kept the

49:55

new Model Army together for the

49:57

moment. But

49:59

one. The uncomfortable result of the demobilization

50:01

was the london was of ram and

50:04

with angry out of work reform. ah

50:06

those in that the mob seats oh

50:08

serious for the new model for putting

50:10

them out of a job. Analysis:

50:14

Gulfs were gone. it was time

50:16

for Hollister. Weights: Key sets two

50:18

and three. Negotiates I

50:20

say so the King and delete the

50:22

new Model Army and with it because

50:24

of religious toleration and implement a new

50:26

national You to concerts cry hurry and

50:28

all of that. Will

50:31

hey how that goes next time. Some

50:34

islam photon shorter degree until then sank even

50:36

listening to get in touch and let me

50:38

know how things are going. Always have to

50:40

hear a death to say i'm sorry for

50:42

the waffle but you know waffle is the

50:44

stuff as history. Good love

50:47

it ever was and have a stupendous

50:49

and thrilling we of fun and laughter.

51:12

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51:14

dead three days and around. Three minutes

51:16

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51:22

wake up those pays bird with some

51:25

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51:27

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51:29

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51:31

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51:33

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51:36

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