0:01

Ted Audio Collective. Welcome

0:11

back to Tell it Doctor Susana under

0:14

later. It's. Easy

0:16

to get lost in the

0:18

grand narratives of human history

0:20

in stories of Empires and

0:22

revolutions. But what if I

0:24

told you that the most

0:26

potent force is shaping our

0:28

past were actually microscopic Indian

0:30

court? There's enlightening ted talk.

0:32

He delves into the world

0:34

of pathogens, the invisible agents

0:36

that if silently, determine the

0:39

course of human history. From

0:41

the earliest hunter gatherer societies

0:43

to bustling medieval cities. These

0:45

micro organisms. Have played a pivotal

0:47

role in our survival and our

0:49

demise. This short talk

0:51

isn't just about the diseases be

0:54

fun, it's a story about humanity's

0:56

resilience and innovation in the face

0:58

of unseen adversaries. Join us as

1:00

we uncover the hidden impact of

1:03

pathogens across the ages, and you

1:05

might just skyn a newfound respect

1:07

for the power of the microscopic.

1:09

World's. This.

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Aloof, I've Doctor Michael Mosley. Welcome

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to the seven series of my

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Bbc Radio Four podcast. Just one

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thing is each episode I'll explore

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one quit simple, scientifically proven thing

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you can do to benefit your

3:29

health, well being and life like

3:31

volunteering to boost your immune system.

3:34

So to benefit your brain and

3:36

body weight like that, It's. Since

3:51

humanity earliest days, we've

3:54

been plagued by selfless

3:56

disease causing pathogen, invisible

3:58

and persistent. These micro

4:00

organisms and these illnesses they

4:03

incur have killed more human

4:05

than anything else in history,

4:07

but which he he's instead

4:09

leaders varies across time and

4:11

place, Because while the March

4:13

of Progress has made us

4:15

safer from some infectious threats,

4:18

human innovation often exposes us

4:20

to surprising new malady. Our

4:22

core of history: Deadliest diseases:

4:24

The dunes. when humans lived

4:26

in small hunter gatherer communities.

4:28

The illnesses these. Three agricultural

4:30

nomads encountered most likely came

4:33

from the various animals they

4:35

ate and the soil and

4:37

water the interacted with. There

4:39

are no written records to

4:41

help us identify these diseases,

4:43

however some illnesses least distinct

4:45

growth or lesions on the

4:47

skeleton allowing bio archaeologists to

4:49

diagnose ancient remained and researchers

4:52

have found that bones from

4:54

this era suggests the presence

4:56

of tuberculosis and trap and

4:58

the more infections while. These

5:00

conditions are life threatening, the

5:02

deadliest diseases are invariably part

5:04

of is widespread epidemics, and

5:06

there's no evidence of any

5:08

large scale outbreaks. In this

5:10

link see pre agricultural period.

5:13

However, when human started developing

5:15

agriculture around twelve thousand years

5:17

ago, it brought a whole

5:19

new crop of diseases. Early

5:21

farmers knew little about waste

5:23

and water management, setting the

5:25

stage for die a real

5:27

diseases like dysentery, the much

5:29

worse. The proliferation of

5:31

open fields and irrigation created

5:34

standing pools of water which

5:36

brought mosquitoes and in turn,

5:38

Malaria one of history's oldest

5:40

and deadliest diseases. We don't

5:42

know exactly how many early

5:45

farmers malaria pills, or how

5:47

many left vulnerable to other

5:49

sections, but we do know

5:51

is mosquito borne illness continues

5:54

to spread through humanities. Next

5:56

major development organization in small

5:58

communities. Infectious diseases like measles

6:00

and Smallpox can only circulate

6:02

so long before running out

6:05

of health, but in densely

6:07

populated regions with high birth

6:09

rates, fast evolving viruses like

6:11

a slew can continually insect

6:14

new individuals and morph into

6:16

various strains. When large settlements

6:18

became common, medical science hadn't

6:20

advanced enough with festively treat

6:22

them or even distinguish these

6:25

various, nor was it prepared

6:27

to deal with a bit

6:29

deadliest pandemics. Of all time,

6:31

the Black Death from the

6:33

thirteen thirties and thirteen fifty

6:36

of to panic plague swept

6:38

Asia, Africa and Europe, reducing

6:40

the global population from four

6:42

hundred seventy five million to

6:44

roughly three hundred fifty million.

6:47

Like. Most afro your diseases the

6:49

played didn't cross the Atlantic

6:51

until your Athena in the

6:53

league. Fourteen hundred that at

6:55

the height of the plague in

6:57

Europe, Asia and North Africa, infection

7:00

was almost guaranteed, and the plagues

7:02

mentality rate ranged from thirty

7:04

to seventy five percent. However, illness

7:07

wasn't equally distributed among the population.

7:09

many wealthy lords and landowners

7:11

were able to see safe by

7:13

hiding away in their speeches home

7:16

as medical. Knowledge became more

7:18

robust this kind of classes

7:20

spirit he began reflective who

7:22

had access to medical care

7:24

and that divide between particularly

7:26

a during the reign of

7:28

our next deadly disease or

7:30

the beginning of the nineteenth

7:32

century to per Kilo says

7:34

was already one of the

7:36

most common causes of death

7:38

in Europe. In the Americas

7:40

thought the industrial revolution led

7:42

forcing and living conditions that

7:44

were overcrowded and poorly ventilated,

7:46

turning into. An epidemic of

7:48

the killed a quarter of

7:50

Europe's adult population. The unhealthiest

7:52

environments were largely populated by

7:54

impoverished individuals who often went

7:57

untreated while doctor is provided

7:59

mouth. With the

8:01

areas most cutting edge air

8:03

throughout the twentieth century vaccine

8:05

see him com and in

8:07

many countries even eradicating the

8:09

centuries old viral threat of

8:11

smallpox, the advent of vaccination

8:13

alongside improvement or nutrition and

8:15

Hides has helped people live

8:17

longer, live on average and

8:19

today medical advances in a

8:21

rapid fire and and or

8:23

in a vaccine and helpless

8:25

tackled new outbreak in record

8:27

for however selfless regions around

8:29

the world. Women unable to

8:31

access vaccine, leaving them vulnerable

8:33

for older threats, Malaria still

8:36

takes the lives of over

8:38

six hundred thousand people every

8:40

year, with ninety six percent

8:42

of deaths occurring in communities

8:44

across Africa. Tuberculosis continues to

8:46

infect millions, almost half of

8:49

whom live in Southeast Asia.

8:51

Addressing these ailments and those

8:53

love to emerge will require

8:55

scientists to develop new and

8:57

more effective medicine, but something

8:59

governments. And Health Care Systems and

9:02

Do Today is working to make

9:04

the treatments we have already accessible

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to all. Support.

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would be important for said. And

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that's it for today's episode. Think so

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much for listening. To

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support is the third. Audio Collective. I'd

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love to hear your thoughts about

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the episode. Send me a

11:04

message on Instagram. Susana Md.

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This episode was produced by me

11:09

and to sounds like I out

11:12

of the edited valley. Hundred dollars

11:14

are and fact checked by Vanessa

11:16

Garcia Woodworth. Special thanks Summary: allows.

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Us thera de grandes David

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below, Daniela, Valerie though and

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myself quint I'm doctor Susana

11:24

under later and will talk

11:26

to again next week.