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1:33

Sounds Music Radio podcasts,

1:41

Everything around here is a

1:43

Leo the roaring so and

1:45

of the wind. It's like

1:47

a white noise. Your brain

1:49

is frantically trying to work

1:51

or what to do. it's

1:56

february nineteen eighty four the first

1:58

day of the winter Olympic Games.

2:01

But Europe is experiencing extreme

2:03

weather, a cataclysmic

2:05

snowstorm. But Joe Boylan,

2:08

a young man on holiday in the

2:10

Austrian mountains, doesn't realise how extreme.

2:15

He polishes off the coffee and the

2:17

brandy. He hops onto a

2:19

ski lift and he finds himself at

2:22

the top of an unfamiliar slope. I

2:27

couldn't see the tips of the skis,

2:30

the visibility was that bad. Every time

2:32

I tried to take a deep breath,

2:34

the wind was actually drawing the air

2:36

out of my lungs. You don't know

2:39

if you're falling backwards, leaning forward, you're

2:41

being buffeted. I thought, well,

2:43

do I turn left? Right? Is it straight

2:46

on? Joe

2:48

soon realised he was lost,

2:51

badly lost. It requires all of

2:53

your efforts just to stay upright

2:55

and all of your efforts just

2:57

to keep breathing. I'm

3:07

Matthew Side and this is

3:09

Sideways, my show about the ideas

3:12

that shape our lives with stories

3:14

of seeing the world differently. In

3:27

this episode, 48 hours

3:29

of sheer determination to

3:32

survive. The science behind

3:34

what happens when we get lost and

3:37

how it's changed the way that search

3:39

and rescue teams operate all

3:41

over the world. at

4:00

home in London. Joe

4:02

had been skiing a handful of tyres

4:04

before but when his friends peel away

4:07

for lessons he decides to try a

4:09

new route and then

4:11

he finds himself alone. Something

4:15

that skiers are advised not to

4:17

do especially not in bad weather

4:19

but Joe is inexperienced and he

4:21

doesn't know the safety advice. He

4:24

finds himself at the top of

4:26

an unfamiliar slope and within

4:28

minutes he's lost and in

4:30

the middle of an enormous blizzard. I

4:33

was still walking along with my sticks out

4:35

in front of me as

4:37

a blind man would really just to

4:39

feel if I walked into a tree

4:41

or anything. And

4:45

eventually my skis they hit something and it

4:47

turns out that it happened to be a

4:49

shepherd's hook so I broke

4:51

the window smashed the glass threw

4:53

my skis and sticks in and

4:55

in I went. The

4:57

wind was blowing the

5:00

snow through the hole I'd made in

5:02

the glass like toothpaste comes out of

5:04

a tube. Joe plugs the hole

5:06

in the window with a cushion and

5:08

fastens his skis to his boots with

5:10

some old string. If you

5:12

lose a ski in that kind of weather I

5:14

think you're a dead duck. Sheltering

5:16

from the storm he slumps his

5:18

body over the wood fire stove

5:20

to stay warm. And I

5:23

thought well I'll let the storm settle

5:25

and I'll assess the situation

5:27

in the morning at first light.

5:31

Joe is acting on instinct

5:33

alone. He's never been in this

5:35

kind of situation before but

5:37

he's behaving in ways that would

5:40

not surprise experts in search and

5:42

rescue. My team is one of

5:44

the busiest teams in the UK we

5:47

do about 180 rescues and

5:49

searches each year. Alistair Reid

5:51

has been volunteering with Mountain Rescue

5:53

England and Wales for over four

5:55

decades. I started back in 1981

5:57

there's a certain buzz to it.

6:00

We were doing things that most other people wouldn't do,

6:02

being out in the mountains, being put

6:04

out of a helicopter at night, being lured

6:06

by ropes. Here's how

6:08

it works. If

6:11

you're ever lost on a mountain, your first

6:13

port of call should be to the local

6:15

emergency services. If you're in England and

6:17

Wales, they'll probably patch your case through to

6:20

a local team like that run by Alistair.

6:22

They'll locate you if they can, they'll rescue

6:24

you, and ideally you're back at the

6:26

pub or B&B in time for dinner. But

6:31

sometimes search and rescue have to

6:33

find someone who's not got phone

6:35

contact. In

6:38

these cases, search and rescue isn't contacted

6:40

by the lost person, but

6:42

by anxious friends or family wondering why they

6:45

haven't come back to the pub or the

6:47

B&B or some other meeting point. And

6:50

this is when search and rescue becomes

6:52

a complex and intriguing

6:54

art form, one that

6:56

takes place under enormous pressure. The

6:58

faster you can find someone, the more chance they've got of

7:01

being alive. Neil

7:03

Balderson is a search and rescue

7:06

volunteer too with Lowland Rescue. To

7:08

do that, we apply statistics and

7:10

those statistics include lost person behavior.

7:13

Lost person behavior.

7:16

It's the collection of information and

7:19

data brought together over many years

7:21

about people who've become lost, and

7:23

it's used to determine how lost

7:25

and missing people might behave. And

7:27

this can save lives. The

7:30

collation of lost person behavior data

7:33

has had a dramatic impact on

7:35

the way that all kinds of

7:37

search and rescue teams conduct their

7:39

work, from cities to mountains. The

7:42

stats are broken down by different

7:44

characteristics. For example,

7:46

age, gender, reason they're missing,

7:49

previous missing episodes, known

7:52

conditions. Statistics play a big part

7:54

for us and allow us to target the resources

7:56

quickly and effectively. The

8:00

science of lost person behavior allows

8:02

search and rescue experts like

8:04

Alastair and Neil to predict what

8:07

you'll do if you get lost.

8:11

You're on a walk and you realise all of

8:14

a sudden that you don't recognise the path. You're

8:16

not where you thought you were and you're not

8:18

sure how to get back. Effectively,

8:21

you're lost. What would

8:23

be your first move? Now confession

8:25

time, I went out with my two kids on

8:27

a walk in West Sussex a couple of years

8:29

ago. My wife said be careful,

8:31

it's late in the afternoon and it was

8:33

a trail actually that takes you over the

8:36

beautiful black downhills. It was

8:38

a walk very popular with Alfred Lord

8:40

Tennyson, the brilliant poet. We

8:42

took a wrong turn, we ended up at

8:44

the bottom of a sneak hill, the

8:46

signs had gone, my phone signal was non-existent

8:49

and the kids said pretty understandably they

8:51

were getting tired and hungry and

8:53

the sun was pretty much gone. I

8:56

thought the obvious thing to do, my instinct really, was

8:58

to turn 180 degrees and go back where

9:01

we'd come from, pick up the trail again

9:03

and hopefully get back on track. And

9:06

this instinct turns out to be a

9:08

very familiar pattern of lost people. Now

9:11

for me it worked and when

9:13

the mobile signal returned that definitely helped

9:15

too. But

9:19

going back to the Austrian mountainside

9:21

in the middle of a snowstorm,

9:24

Joe Boylan was also demonstrating classic

9:26

lost behaviour. He was

9:28

seeking shelter. Places

9:30

like the Shepherd's Hub that Joe

9:32

sought refuge in can be beacons

9:34

for search and rescuers like Alistair.

9:38

Anywhere like that we're expecting members to

9:40

go and check. Someone who needs shelter

9:42

will find a way in usually. Common

9:44

sense tells you that it's easier, in

9:47

fact miles easier for rescuers to find

9:49

you if you stay put at the

9:52

point where you realise you were lost.

9:54

I mean it's so much more complicated

9:56

to search for a moving target. But

9:59

when you're lost... panicking. Whether on

10:01

a Lord Tennyson Trail in leafy

10:04

Sussex or an Austrian

10:06

mountainside in a snowstorm your instincts

10:08

tell you to move. By

10:12

the time that first light arrives the

10:15

next morning Joe hasn't seen sign of

10:18

anyone. He doesn't even have any idea

10:20

if anyone's looking for him so

10:22

he decides to move. I

10:25

noticed that above me was this

10:27

rusted cable line so

10:29

I just followed this cable above

10:31

my head and I skied very

10:34

slowly almost walking in a downward

10:36

direction. Typically

10:39

walkers they are found downhill from the

10:41

point that they are less known to

10:43

be. Most people when they get lost

10:45

would tend to follow linear type features

10:48

be that a river, power line, fence

10:50

or a wall. Things

10:52

like power cables they go somewhere

10:55

they're all worthy things to look at if

10:57

you're absolutely lost. But

11:00

there is a caveat,

11:02

a crucial caveat, streams.

11:06

Following these can be dangerous.

11:09

Streams go the steepest way down we've

11:12

certainly had people die as a result of following

11:14

a stream. The

11:17

exit route was into a valley but

11:19

the valley then became steeper and steeper

11:22

on either side. You start to step

11:24

into thick fresh powder snow and of

11:26

course before very long I'm in above

11:29

my head. My feet

11:31

had happened to fall into what

11:33

was a stream and my boots

11:35

had filled with frozen water. With

11:37

an avalanche on either side threatening

11:40

to fall it takes Joe hours just

11:42

to get his legs out of the

11:44

water. It takes him four hours to

11:46

travel just 15 yards. He

11:48

does though eventually make it out of

11:51

the stream. And I just thought right

11:53

I'm not having that. I'd already begun

11:55

to organize my wedding and

11:57

I thought well I'm not gonna miss that

11:59

party. In

12:01

search and rescue, some landmarks are

12:03

referred to as attractors,

12:06

flashing lights, helicopters, that kind of thing.

12:09

And lost people have a tendency to

12:11

move towards them. Sometimes search

12:13

and rescue teams will use that

12:15

knowledge intentionally in an effort to,

12:17

as it were, draw out a

12:19

lost person in a particular direction.

12:22

But there can be a danger of an

12:24

attractor. I

12:27

could see lights flashing. That's

12:29

either a peace basher or a tractor

12:31

or something moving. A lost

12:33

person will often move towards them, irrespective

12:36

of what terrain lies in the

12:38

way. It would mean going

12:40

down the hill and crossing the valley

12:42

below and then climbing up.

12:44

Joe heads to the bottom of the

12:47

valley. He hears a sound. It's

12:51

a very muffled

12:54

water sound. To get to the other

12:57

side, Joe's going to need to cross

12:59

another stream. He's already been

13:01

wet once and it definitely was not pleasant.

13:04

So he looks for a crossing point. And

13:08

eventually he spots something. It

13:12

was the light taking that giant step for

13:14

mankind, really. I stood into

13:17

this big bumpers now and

13:19

just went straight through it. And

13:23

as I looked up, I could see the dark

13:25

of the night sky. It

13:28

was like being inside the center

13:30

hole in a tube of polo

13:32

mint. And below me,

13:34

where my chest was, was just running

13:37

river water. I

13:40

had to reach in, got my left and my

13:42

right ski off and I held them up vertically

13:45

in front of me. And

13:47

I just smashed the snow from

13:49

side to side, which cascaded down

13:51

on my head. And I

13:54

just walked at 90 degrees to

13:56

the current in the direction of

13:58

the lights that I'd seen. and

14:00

I eventually walked out and up

14:02

the opposite bank. Joe

14:05

slumps in the snow, exhausted,

14:08

ice cold drenched again. It

14:10

was a little bit like the characters

14:13

I'd seen in Tom and Jerry cartoons

14:15

when their teeth chatter. After

14:18

about 15 minutes, the

14:20

chattering stops. And I thought, this

14:23

is the moment. This is

14:25

it. This is what death feels like. I

14:28

stood up and I just started to scream.

14:33

I began to pummel my thighs.

14:35

I was slapping my ears, slapping

14:38

my face, called everybody

14:40

under the sun names, really. And

14:42

then I decided I'd

14:45

keep walking. When

14:51

Joe became lost in 1984, search

14:54

and rescue strategies were pretty

14:56

rudimentary. Basic grid-like searches

14:58

require lots of time, resources,

15:01

people, and power. But

15:03

if our understanding of lost person

15:06

behavior has evolved, so too has

15:08

the efficiency of search and rescue

15:10

operations. And much of that

15:12

change is down to the brilliant research

15:14

of one man. I was

15:17

in Boy Scouts and

15:19

went to a summer camp that had

15:21

a little search and rescue exercise for

15:23

some reason that they put me in charge. And

15:26

it was like, well, this is silly. This is

15:28

so easy. Robert

15:32

J. Kester, the world's preeminent

15:34

expert in lost person behavior,

15:37

is considered something of an

15:39

oracle. He's a mathematician by

15:41

profession, a numbers guy. But his passion,

15:43

like Alistair and Neil, has

15:45

long been in volunteering with search

15:48

and rescue teams. And Robert noticed

15:50

major deficiencies in the lost person

15:52

behavior data, especially when

15:54

it came to lost people suffering

15:57

with dementia. was

16:00

no classification for dementia. It was

16:02

simply everybody over the age of

16:04

65. In

16:06

the absence of hard data, he developed a

16:09

rule of thumb, literally.

16:12

On the scale of maps we used,

16:14

they were usually found the distance away

16:16

of my thumb. Then on one

16:19

particular search that I couldn't attend, I get

16:21

a very panicky call in the middle of

16:23

the night. It's like, Bob, we got to

16:25

know how long your thumb is. Robert

16:28

thought, there's got to be a better way

16:30

than this. And so he began

16:32

a research project. It became

16:35

a passion project, and it would

16:37

define his career and revolutionize search

16:39

and rescue worldwide. So I once

16:42

was on a search where there

16:44

was a missing dementia subject. The

16:47

local fire department had been called and

16:49

had been searching for about six to

16:51

eight hours all day long. I

16:54

arrived, and the sheriff gave

16:56

me 10 minutes to do all my planning. I

16:59

said, yes, sir, because that's what you say to

17:01

a sheriff. Robert applied what

17:04

he knew about lost person behavior

17:06

in relation to people with dementia.

17:09

They tend to walk along a path or

17:11

a defined route until they hit an obstacle,

17:14

and then they stop. He

17:16

had been lost three times previously, and

17:19

in all those cases he had traveled

17:21

to the north. Within 10 minutes of

17:23

the teams being sent out, the man

17:26

was found. I

17:28

actually looked to the south, which involved

17:30

crossing a road and then hitting a

17:33

stream to the south. He went out

17:35

his front door instead of the back

17:37

door like he had done in the

17:39

three previous cases. He was

17:41

perfectly fine, live and well, but he

17:44

wasn't going to be moving, so dependent

17:46

upon being found. Nowadays

17:50

Robert's lost person behavior insights are

17:53

used all over the world by

17:55

people like Neil Balderson of Lowland

17:57

Rescue. He

18:00

has saved thousands of lives. We

18:02

have located in excess of

18:04

50 to 60 people because of

18:06

his statistics. That's just one team. If

18:09

he was in the UK, he needed knighthood. Going

18:14

back to Joe, stuck in

18:16

a snowstorm on an Austrian mountainside,

18:19

soaked through and frozen, but

18:22

nevertheless holding out hope of

18:24

being found. As

18:26

I was dozing and almost falling

18:29

asleep, I thought I

18:31

didn't want anybody to find me without

18:33

a smile on my face. So I was

18:35

smiling and I don't know what

18:37

I was doing, but I did it.

18:40

It was a long second night, and

18:43

then Joe's hopes are raised. I

18:45

saw these two guys skiing

18:48

opposite me, daylight again.

18:51

People, help. I

18:53

thought they were the rescuers. And

18:55

then you blink blink and you're

18:57

back in blackness. Joe

19:00

realises that he's hallucinating.

19:03

He falls back into a fitful sleep.

19:08

As the light dawns the next day, Joe

19:10

finds his gloves, a frozen

19:12

solid. I

19:15

decided that one way to get the gloves back

19:17

on would be to pee in the gloves. When

19:21

the gloves were kind of malleable,

19:23

I discharged the content into my

19:25

boobs. So I had a nice

19:28

warm sensation for a moment. And

19:31

I just thought, I've got to get out of

19:33

here. So I

19:35

began walking. And he keeps walking.

19:38

And walking. He hits more obstacles

19:40

and another dashed hope of rescue,

19:42

but then he begins

19:44

to hear the blessed sounds of

19:47

civilisation. The

19:49

church bell voices. By

19:52

this point, however, he's looking a little

19:55

worse for wear. Everything

19:57

hurt. My eyebrows were

19:59

frozen. to my hat. My hair

20:01

was frozen to my collar. I'm

20:04

there looking like the incredible snowman or

20:06

something. Taxis actually refused

20:08

to take him. So

20:11

after a long wait in a nearby

20:13

cafe, eating ham rolls, drinking

20:15

hot tea and defrosting his

20:17

urine-soaked gloves on a radiator,

20:19

Joe catches a bus

20:22

along with the full cohort of school

20:24

children back to his hotel. He's

20:28

had two and a half days

20:30

in the wilderness as he's trudging

20:33

finally towards safety. Someone from the

20:35

search party recognises him. The lost

20:37

Englishman, the whole team, has been

20:39

out looking for. So

20:44

all of these people then begin to spill out of

20:46

the hotel. I thought, uh oh, you

20:49

know, I'm in trouble here. Just if

20:51

Joe had got lost in 2024 instead of 1984, the rescue team

20:53

would have had a much

20:58

better chance. Not least, because

21:00

he would have almost certainly had a

21:02

mobile phone on him. Smartphones

21:05

have been a game changer

21:07

and so has GPS technology.

21:12

They call New Mexico the land of enchantment.

21:15

This is Maura O'Connor. She's a science

21:17

journalist and author and in 2011 she

21:19

was travelling in

21:22

northern New Mexico with her partner,

21:24

heading for a hot spring in

21:26

the desert. And so we put the

21:28

name of the hot spring into the GPS. After

21:30

driving through Scrubland for hours, Maura

21:33

and her partner found themselves, according

21:36

to the GPS, right in front

21:38

of the hot springs. But

21:41

there was a problem. Between

21:43

them and the hot springs was a

21:46

cliff. Obviously the GPS didn't

21:49

understand that there was a cliff

21:51

face there, this giant gorge. I

21:53

remember thinking very clearly at that point,

21:55

like why had I trusted this device

21:58

in my hand to tell me the

22:00

way to go. It

22:03

got more a thinking about the

22:06

human instinct for navigation. Where

22:08

does it come from? There are some

22:11

really specific parts of the brain that

22:13

are at work when we're finding our way

22:15

from A to B and the

22:18

central region of the

22:20

brain that's involved in human navigation

22:22

is called the hippocampus. When we

22:24

travel from A to B, what's

22:27

happening in the hippocampus is that specific

22:29

kinds of cells are being fired up.

22:32

Holy researchers called these cells which

22:34

fire up during navigation place

22:37

cells. It's something akin

22:39

to a cognitive map inside the

22:42

brain. Think back for a moment.

22:44

How did you get from where you were before

22:47

to where you are now? Try and visualize

22:49

it. It's less like referring to

22:51

a map and looking from a bird's

22:53

eye view and more recalling

22:55

the way you would a song, what

22:59

step you take first and then what comes

23:01

next until you get to your goal. Almost

23:03

like you would hum something. In

23:06

her research, Mora found that there were

23:09

cultural differences when it comes to navigation.

23:12

There's no universal navigation

23:14

system that all people use. I

23:18

went to a place called Ecoluit

23:21

in Nunavut, which is a Inuit town

23:24

and tried to talk to

23:26

as many hunters as

23:28

I could about their experience navigating

23:31

a so-called featureless

23:33

landscape. How do you find your

23:35

way without anything that

23:37

we would typically think of as

23:39

critical to navigation like signposts and

23:41

maps and roads? What

23:44

these hunters did have

23:46

were environmental cues. Wind,

23:49

sometimes stars, formations

23:52

in the snow, some

23:54

landscape markers. As

23:57

a result of her research, Mora wrote a book.

24:00

called wayfinding the science and

24:02

mystery of how humans navigate

24:05

the world. I

24:07

think a lot about wayfinding as

24:09

pointing to how powerful and

24:12

essential it is that we are

24:14

engaged with and paying attention to

24:16

our surroundings and how nourishing and

24:18

enriching that is. It's

24:22

a confidence and assurance that's

24:25

increasingly being lost. The

24:27

sense of a deeper orientation to where we

24:30

started out and where we're going has

24:32

given way to autopilot where

24:35

we rely completely on Waze

24:37

or Google Maps. It doesn't

24:39

matter if you're driving to Blackpool or

24:41

Bournemouth, the mind disengages and

24:43

allows the technology to take the strain.

24:46

It's convenient. We get lost

24:48

less often but might we

24:50

be losing something too? On an

24:55

Austrian mountainside after two freezing dips

24:57

in the icy river, Joe's map

25:00

was in tatters but

25:02

by miracle luck or some sensible

25:04

decisions, he's finally arrived back in

25:06

his hotel to a sea of

25:09

faces. Policemen, mountain

25:12

rescue people, people in high

25:14

vis jackets, there are

25:16

my friends and people that were waiting

25:18

for me from the hotel. Joe

25:21

is led inside and he sits at

25:23

a table across from a police inspector.

25:25

He says I want you to tell me

25:27

step by step everything you did. As

25:31

I'm describing, you could hear the

25:33

rescue team go oh you know

25:35

there's this collective kind of temperatures

25:38

had been recorded. I was told

25:40

afterwards around minus

25:42

25. My

25:45

brother had been told that it was only a matter

25:48

of time and he should make

25:50

preparations to come out to identify

25:52

the body. As

25:54

I was sitting answering their questions,

25:57

several of them would come up to where I was.

26:00

I was sitting and they would just crouch

26:02

in front of me and bring

26:04

their face very close to

26:06

make eye to eye contact and

26:08

they just stared, it seemed,

26:11

into your very soul. It's

26:15

the kind of thing that Neil from Lolan's

26:17

Rescue might have done in the same situation.

26:20

You look someone's square in the eye, you know if they're okay

26:22

or not. It's a very

26:25

almost humbling experience. You

26:28

save one person, you save the world. You

26:40

cast your eyes around this huge

26:42

dining room and it's full and

26:44

all these guys have got huge

26:46

anoraks and all sorts of equipment

26:48

and you just realise all of

26:50

this clobber and all of these

26:52

people have been looking for your

26:55

soul. There was a strange feeling

26:57

of guilt really. I

26:59

was just sat there quietly nodding at them.

27:04

For Joe Boylan, the experience of

27:07

being lost in a snowstorm for

27:09

over two days hasn't dampened his

27:11

enthusiasm for the wilderness. He

27:13

often takes his dog out on long walks in

27:15

the forest near where he lives but

27:18

his phone is always in his pocket

27:20

and he's conscious of the position of

27:22

the sun, the time of day and

27:24

which direction is self. I'm

27:26

quite comfortable. I feel

27:28

quite confident in my own ability

27:30

to get there or somewhere eventually

27:32

and I don't panic, I just

27:34

enjoy the walk. There

27:38

is I think something human

27:40

and somehow reassuring that when

27:42

we're lost we tend to

27:45

behave in similar ways to

27:47

exhibit similar instincts to follow

27:49

identifiable patterns. But

27:52

in equally predictable ways these

27:54

instincts can lead us further

27:56

astray and that's why the work

27:58

of the data cruncher and search

28:01

and rescue theoreticians is so precious.

28:04

Also precious is the courage of

28:06

the volunteers who often risk their

28:08

lives to save others. These

28:11

people are available 24-7, 365 days a

28:13

year, responding

28:18

to callouts, venturing into cold

28:20

and darkness, supporting families

28:22

that are fearing the worst, and

28:24

often dealing with trauma too. There's

28:27

something else I've taken away from these tales

28:29

of lost and found, and

28:32

it's the dual role of

28:34

technology. GPS definitely

28:36

keeps us safe. SatNav

28:38

gives us the most algorithmically efficient

28:41

route. I think it would be

28:43

a shame to lose the joy

28:45

of reading maps rather than just

28:47

following them, of charting our own

28:49

paths, and maybe even allowing serendipity

28:52

to take us away from the beaten

28:54

track. Thanks

28:59

to the producer of this episode,

29:02

Leona Hamid, the editor, Ms.

29:05

Catherine Godfrey. Sound Design and Mix is by Daniel

29:07

Kampsen, and our

29:09

theme tune is by Ioana Shillaru. Sideways

29:12

is produced by Novel for BBC Radio

29:14

4, and will

29:16

return with more new episodes this summer. Power!

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