Episode Transcript
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0:01
Due to the nature of this
0:03
case, listener discretion is advised. This
0:05
episode includes discussions of substance use,
0:07
gun violence, and murder. Consider
0:10
this when deciding how and when you'll listen.
0:18
Lee Morgan was a jazz trumpeter.
0:21
A prodigy who rocketed into the
0:23
scene as a 15-year-old kid from
0:26
Philadelphia and proved he had staying
0:28
power. His music and
0:30
legacy endure to this day.
0:33
If you were to draw out the
0:35
shape of Lee's career, it would look
0:38
like two soaring peaks separated by a
0:40
valley. A valley that for
0:42
Lee was marked by addiction. Like
0:44
many other musicians of his
0:47
time, opioid use upended his
0:49
life until heroin took precedence
0:51
over everything he held most
0:53
dear, including music. But
0:55
Lee was one of the lucky ones. He found
0:58
a way out. His life took
1:00
a turn for the better the moment he
1:02
met Helen. The woman who
1:04
loved him, nursed him back to
1:06
health, helped revive his career, and
1:09
then ended his
1:11
life. I'm
1:14
Vanessa Richardson, and this is Serial
1:16
Killers, a Spotify podcast. You can
1:18
find us here every Monday. Be
1:21
sure to check us out on Instagram
1:23
at Serial Killers podcast. We'd
1:25
love to hear from you. If you're listening on
1:27
the Spotify app, swipe up to share your thoughts.
1:32
Stay with us. This
1:41
episode is brought to you by ABC's
1:43
hit drama Will Trent. Special
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Agent Will Trent's strength is observing what
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others don't see, the crucial clues that
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make or break a case. Ramon Rodriguez
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stars as Will Trent, Special Agent from
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the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, using his
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gifts of observation to solve thrilling and
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compelling cases. Week after
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week. Will Trent. Season premiere
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February 20th at 8-7 central
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on ABC and stream on
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Hulu. Tax
2:10
Act can think of a million things more
2:12
fun than filing taxes. Tax
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Act is going to name some now. Sitting
2:17
in traffic. Folding a
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fitted bed sheet. Listening
2:21
to your coworker talk about his fantasy
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team. Digging a hole. Digging
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an even larger hole next to that original
2:28
hole. Unfortunately, Tax Act's
2:30
filing software can't make taxes
2:32
fun. A Tax Act can
2:35
help you get them done. Tax
2:37
Act, let's get them over with. Before
2:43
we get into this story, amongst
2:46
the many sources we used, we
2:48
found Tom Pertrud's book, Lee Morgan.
2:50
His life, music, and culture. Larry
2:53
Rainey Thomas's book, The Lady Who
2:55
Shot Lee Morgan, and the documentary,
2:57
I Called Him Morgan, directed by
2:59
Casper Collins, extremely helpful to our research.
3:07
Why does anyone murder?
3:09
On one side of
3:11
the spectrum, there are serial killers. The cases
3:13
we normally cover every week on this show.
3:16
Their victims are usually strangers, chosen
3:19
because they happen to fit some
3:21
sort of physical profile, or
3:23
because the circumstances were such that they thought they could get
3:25
away with it. Oftentimes,
3:27
the act of committing violence is all
3:29
the reason there is. Today's
3:33
story exists on the complete other
3:35
side of the spectrum. The body
3:37
count may be fewer, but the
3:39
motive is just as difficult to
3:41
comprehend. We
3:45
don't have a name for a killer like
3:47
Helen Moore. It's
3:53
the 1960s. Helen Moore
3:55
lives in Manhattan, between 8th and 9th
3:57
Avenue, in a neighborhood known as Hell's
4:00
kitchen. She's been living in
4:02
New York for years. She moved from North
4:04
Carolina back in 1945
4:06
after her first husband
4:08
unexpectedly died. She
4:10
traveled to the city to visit her in-laws after
4:12
his funeral, expecting to stay for no
4:15
more than two weeks, but she
4:17
never left. She found work
4:19
as a telephone operator by day and
4:22
community within New York's music scene
4:24
at night. She's become
4:26
a regular face at many of the city's jazz
4:28
clubs, like Birdland, which is just a
4:30
short walk from her apartment on 53rd
4:32
Street. It seems like everyone
4:35
knows her sharp tongue and quick
4:37
wit. Though Helen presents
4:39
a tough exterior, she's a
4:41
nurturer by nature. Her home is
4:44
something of a safe haven for the city's queer
4:46
and black communities and a
4:48
watering hole for its musicians. People
4:51
are people, she says, and she welcomes
4:53
them all to drop by her place
4:55
unannounced if they're ever between sets or
4:57
simply looking for some good food, good
5:00
music, and a good time. It's
5:04
the winter of 1967 when Helen opens her front
5:09
door to Benny Green, a friend
5:11
and jazz trombonist, and another
5:13
man standing behind him. The
5:15
man's young in his late 20s and he looks
5:18
to be down on his luck. He's
5:20
missing a few teeth and despite
5:22
the freezing temperatures outside has no
5:25
coat on. Benny says
5:27
his name is Lee Morgan.
5:30
Helen recognizes Lee. She's seen him
5:32
around her place before, but
5:34
there's something about him standing there
5:36
that stirs something inside Helen. Her
5:39
heart can't help but go out to him. She
5:42
asks Lee what happened to his coat and,
5:45
after learning he's a musician who no longer
5:47
owns an instrument, asks what happened
5:49
to his trumpet too. Lee's
5:52
honest with her. He says he pawned
5:54
both to pay for drugs. Before
5:57
the night's over, Helen offers to help get
5:59
both. back, and
6:01
so begins the most consequential
6:04
relationship of their lives. Helen's
6:08
13 years older than Lee. What
6:11
starts as a maternal relationship
6:13
turns physical and eventually evolves
6:15
into something more, a
6:18
mutual love, verging on
6:20
a mutual dependency. Lee's
6:25
talents had always been undeniable. Starting
6:28
as a pianist and then picking
6:30
up the trumpet at 15, he
6:32
began making music with legends like
6:34
Art Blakey and John Coltrane straight
6:36
out of high school. He toured the
6:38
country with Blakey's acclaimed band,
6:40
The Jazz Messengers, and not
6:42
long after, heroin entered the
6:44
picture. At the
6:46
time, misconceptions about the use of
6:48
narcotics and opioids ran rampant in
6:51
jazz circles. Many musicians
6:53
look to heroin as a way to
6:55
amplify their creativity, including some
6:57
of the most successful, like
6:59
Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Dizzy
7:01
Gillespie, and Cab Calloway. Interviews
7:04
with contemporary musicians in Thomas Pertrude's
7:07
book Lee Morgan, His Life, Music,
7:09
and Culture, claim opioid use was
7:11
so normalized that Art Blakey would
7:14
often pay his bandmates in drugs
7:16
and pocket the cash paid by
7:18
the venues. Even though
7:20
Lee's struggles with addiction overlapped with
7:23
some career highs, like composing his
7:25
biggest hit ever, The Sidewinder, heroin
7:28
eventually brought his musical ambitions
7:30
to a standstill. His
7:33
bandmates couldn't rely on him anymore. They never
7:35
knew if he would show up to rehearsals
7:37
or gigs, and if he did, whether he'd
7:40
be sober. Life for
7:42
Lee got so bad that he started
7:44
sleeping on pool tables in bars or
7:46
on curbs outside of clubs without shoes
7:49
on. On one occasion, Lee
7:51
showed up to rehearsal with a bandage wrapped around
7:53
his head, and when his bandmates
7:55
asked about it, he shrugged off their
7:57
concern. Lee had overdosed.
8:00
and fallen asleep with the sight of his
8:02
head pressed against the hot metal of a
8:04
radiator. The hair never grew
8:06
back, and he lived with the scar
8:08
for the rest of his life. After
8:13
that night in 1967, Helen
8:15
becomes determined to get Lee's
8:17
career back on track. He
8:19
begins staying at her place in
8:21
Hell's Kitchen, and before long, they're
8:24
inseparable. Basically everywhere Lee
8:26
goes, Helen's right there beside him,
8:28
carrying his trumpet, keeping him in
8:30
line. Helen says in
8:32
no uncertain terms she took control
8:35
of him. Though they
8:37
never officially marry, she starts introducing
8:39
herself as Lee's wife. Helen
8:42
pays for Lee to attend an outpatient
8:44
rehabilitation program. She even moves with him
8:46
to the Bronx to be closer to
8:49
the clinic. Lee's tried rehab
8:51
before, but through no lack of
8:53
trying, it didn't stick. This
8:56
time though, with Helen's support, he's
8:58
able to combat his addiction with
9:00
the help of methadone, a synthetic
9:02
drug that targets the same receptors
9:04
as opioids like heroin, without delivering
9:06
the euphoric high. Beginning
9:08
in the 60s, doctors use it to
9:10
reduce withdrawal symptoms while weaning patients
9:13
off narcotics. It's slower
9:15
acting than other opioids, but still
9:17
addictive and should only be used
9:19
with medical oversight. Lee's
9:22
able to make the switch from heroin
9:24
to methadone, but by some accounts he
9:26
trades one addiction for another and
9:29
another. Friends claim he
9:32
goes on to keep his refrigerator
9:34
stocked with methadone, which he uses
9:36
to self-medicate, and he reportedly also
9:38
picks up a cocaine habit. While
9:41
it's not the ideal outcome, the
9:43
changes help Lee refocus on music. His
9:45
old friends are quick to welcome him
9:48
back, and Helen takes on
9:50
a new role in Lee's life, his
9:53
manager. She
9:56
books his gigs, sits in on
9:58
rehearsals, collects his payments, and
10:00
negotiates his contracts for him. As
10:03
she does, Lee throws his energy
10:05
into creating a new sound. He
10:07
picks up the flugelhorn and experiments
10:09
with new tones, rhythms, and arrangements.
10:12
By the summer of 69, his band
10:14
embarks on a tour across the
10:17
United States and records a live
10:19
album at the Lighthouse Cafe in
10:21
California. After finding it
10:23
difficult to book larger venues, Lee
10:25
becomes more outspoken. He adds his
10:27
voice to the Jazz and People's
10:29
Movement, an offshoot of the Civil
10:31
Rights Movement advocating for more representation
10:33
for black musicians on TV. According
10:37
to Stuart Nicholson's reporting for
10:39
JazzWise magazine, Lee's fight is
10:41
aided by Helen. She hosts dinner
10:43
parties for all kinds of musicians
10:45
and showbiz personalities, people
10:48
who could theoretically help elevate
10:50
Lee's career. As
10:52
Lee's star continues to rise
10:54
from the ashes, he begins to
10:56
crave more independence in his
10:58
personal life. Friends
11:02
notice a shift in their relationship.
11:04
After years of love and devotion,
11:06
Lee and Helen begin getting into
11:08
hostile fights. On one occasion,
11:11
a friend recalls Lee dumping a bottle
11:13
of champagne over Helen's head and shouting
11:15
at her to get out. Lee
11:18
stops going back to their apartment,
11:20
sometimes for days at a time.
11:22
It's not long before Helen learns he's
11:25
seeing other women, younger
11:27
women, closer to his age. For
11:30
Helen, the cheating feels like an affront
11:32
to everything she's done. But
11:35
she can't bring herself to leave. So
11:38
not knowing what else to do, she
11:40
looks the other way until
11:43
she can't anymore. It's
11:54
February 1972. Helen
11:57
Moore confronts the man she shared a
12:00
life with for over five years,
12:02
Lee Morgan. She knows
12:04
about his cheating and she tells him she
12:06
can't live like this. It's not who she
12:08
is. She says she's taking
12:10
a trip to Chicago on her own to get
12:13
away. But Lee tells her not
12:15
to. He asks her to stay,
12:17
so she does. She's
12:19
in the city on February 18th
12:21
when a snowstorm hits New York.
12:25
That evening, Lee's having dinner with a young
12:27
woman he's been seeing, Judith
12:29
Johnson. They finish eating and
12:31
Judith tells Lee that she has to drive home
12:33
to Jersey. She doesn't want to get stuck in
12:35
the snow. Lee asks if she
12:38
can drive him up to the Bronx. He has to
12:40
pick up his horn for a gig that Helen booked
12:42
for the band. Judith agrees,
12:44
but along the way they get stuck
12:46
in the storm. Judith's car
12:49
hits a slick spot on the road
12:51
and they get into an accident. The
12:53
car gets totaled, but luckily they don't
12:55
get hurt and they're close enough to
12:57
walk to Lee's apartment. When
12:59
they arrive, Lee goes upstairs, barely speaks
13:02
to Helen and is back downstairs
13:04
with his horn in no time.
13:07
By Judith's estimation, there's already four to five
13:09
inches of snow on the ground, but Lee
13:12
insists he needs to get to his set.
13:14
He's done letting his band down, so they
13:16
call a cab and head to the venue,
13:19
slug saloon in the East Village. Judith
13:21
doesn't plan to stay long. She
13:24
tells Lee she still has to get back to
13:26
Jersey. Back at
13:28
the apartment, Helen's mostly alone with her
13:30
thoughts. She knows Lee's up
13:32
to something. She once caught him kissing
13:35
one woman and heard through the jazz
13:37
grapevine that he was seriously involved with
13:39
another young woman, not knowing they
13:41
were referring to Judith. Waiting
13:44
there, Helen says something comes over
13:46
her. Though she hadn't been
13:48
to the clubs at all that week, she decides
13:50
to pay a visit to slugs to see Lee's
13:53
set that night. At some
13:55
point, she tells a friend about her
13:57
plan, and that friend begs her not
13:59
to go. But
14:01
Helen doesn't listen. She
14:04
gets dressed, puts her keys and wallet in
14:06
her purse, and, as she's
14:08
headed out the door, catches sight
14:10
of the silver-plated handgun Lee
14:12
purchased for her protection. She
14:15
drops that in the bag, too. Meanwhile,
14:19
Lee arrives late to his set at
14:22
Slugs, still a little shaken from the
14:24
storm and the accident. According
14:26
to one bandmate, his nerves are
14:28
so fried he throws up before he
14:31
hits the stage, but it
14:33
doesn't affect his playing. Lee
14:35
blares solo after solo, as in control
14:37
of his gift as he ever was.
14:40
The club is emptier than usual, but there's
14:42
still a crowd and sawdust on the
14:45
floor to soak up spilled drinks, the
14:47
rooms filled with laughter, shouting,
14:50
applause, and music.
14:53
Then just as the band's midnight
14:55
set winds down, the front
14:58
door of Slugs swings open, and
15:00
Lee sees Helen silhouetted in the
15:03
doorframe, her oversized hat unmistakable
15:05
even in the dim light.
15:09
Helen takes a seat with a friend, waiting
15:11
for Lee to finish, but when
15:13
the band takes their break, Lee
15:15
doesn't greet her. Instead, he
15:18
makes his way to where Judith
15:20
is sitting and begins flirting. Right
15:22
there, out in the open. I
15:25
rate Helen walks to Lee's bandmates at
15:27
the bar and asks them to intervene
15:29
on her behalf. She wants
15:31
Lee to send Judith home, but
15:34
Lee makes it clear he's unwilling
15:36
to cooperate. So Helen
15:38
storms the front row where Lee and Judith
15:40
are waiting. Judith is surprised
15:42
to see Helen. She's under the
15:44
impression that Lee and Helen's relationship has ended,
15:47
and yet here she is accusing Lee
15:49
of cheating and Judith of being the
15:52
other woman. The fight between
15:54
Helen and Lee reaches a climax when
15:56
Helen asks Lee to tell the truth,
15:59
and Lee shouts, loud enough for all
16:01
to hear that he's not with Helen
16:03
anymore. Their
16:05
relationship is over. As
16:09
the denial echoes through the bar,
16:11
Helen strikes Lee across the face.
16:14
Whether it happens out of reflex or anger,
16:16
Helen's not sure. She just says
16:18
it feels good to hear the sound of
16:21
her hand coming in contact with his face.
16:24
But tempers continue to escalate. Others
16:26
of the crowd watch Lee push Helen
16:29
to the front door and throw her
16:31
onto the sidewalk outside. She
16:33
falls into a pile of
16:35
fresh snow, cold, wet, angry,
16:37
and embarrassed. And by the time
16:40
she gets to her feet, Lee's nowhere
16:42
in sight. Presumably
16:46
he never sees Helen's purse come
16:48
loose, the gun slide out of
16:50
it, or Helen pick it
16:52
up off the sidewalk. Back
16:55
inside, one of Lee's bandmates notices
16:57
Helen's missing her coat. He
17:00
and his girlfriend are about to give it to her
17:02
when she re-enters the bar. They
17:04
watch Helen move through the crowd,
17:06
not knowing her hand is gripping
17:08
a gun inside her purse. Lee
17:11
and his band are about to start
17:13
another set. The beginning of the song,
17:16
Angela, plays in honor of the civil
17:18
rights leader, Angela Davis. According
17:20
to Helen, she doesn't register much of
17:22
what's happening around her. She's
17:24
just focused on Lee, who doesn't
17:27
see her. He's turned the other way.
17:30
She catches flashes of faces and
17:32
registers the buzz of voices. But
17:34
all she sees is Lee, until
17:37
she's standing right behind him.
17:40
She taps him on the shoulder. He turns
17:42
around. And what she remembers
17:44
most from the moment is the rage
17:46
in his eyes, rage directed
17:49
at her. She
17:52
takes the gun and points it in his
17:54
direction. And though he tried to grab
17:56
the weapon from her hands, he's too
17:58
late. She
18:00
pulls the trigger. The
18:04
sound cuts through the noise of the crowd.
18:06
At first, people aren't sure what
18:08
happened, but it quickly
18:11
becomes clear. As
18:13
for Helen's reaction after the
18:16
gunshot, accounts differ. According
18:18
to Helen, the composure she'd been
18:20
holding throughout the night falls apart
18:22
the moment Lee hits the floor. She
18:25
instantly regrets her actions. Tears
18:28
stream down her face as she tells
18:30
Lee how sorry she is over and
18:32
over. She
18:34
can't believe what she's done. It
18:37
all feels like a dream she'll wake up
18:39
from soon enough. Helen
18:42
says Lee apologizes too. As
18:44
she kneels over his body, which is
18:46
lying outstretched on the sawdust covered floor,
18:49
he forgives her. He
18:51
says, I'm sorry too, Helen. I
18:54
know you didn't mean to do
18:56
this. Others don't
18:58
remember the apologies, just Helen screaming
19:00
as Lee bleeds out on the
19:02
floor, why did you make me
19:05
do this? Lee
19:07
Morgan doesn't die instantly. Thanks
19:10
to the snowstorm that night, it takes almost
19:12
an hour for an ambulance to reach
19:14
slug saloon. Had it been
19:16
a clear night, some believe he might
19:18
have lived. But when
19:21
the 33-year-old musician reaches the
19:23
hospital, he's pronounced dead on
19:25
arrival. And as a
19:28
result of that night, the jazz
19:30
community loses not one legend, but
19:32
two. Helen all
19:34
but disappears, never to
19:36
show her face in New York again.
19:51
On February 25th, 1972, friends,
19:55
family, and jazz lovers from all
19:57
over descend on the Church of
19:59
the Advocate. pay respect to Lee
20:01
Morgan. The crowds last all
20:03
day. At night, more
20:06
than a thousand people pack into the
20:08
church for the funeral. The
20:10
shock is palpable, and so is
20:12
the grief. Friends and family
20:15
tearfully share poems and memories
20:17
while some of the world's
20:19
greatest living musicians honor Lee
20:21
in song. It's
20:23
a bleak day. The jazz
20:25
community had lost its prodigal
20:27
son after he'd just returned
20:29
stronger than ever. Meanwhile,
20:32
Helen Moore sits in a
20:34
jail cell on Rikers Island
20:36
awaiting trial. According to
20:38
her, life after pulling that trigger
20:41
feels like a dream. Nothing
20:43
feels real, and that's maybe
20:45
how in the face of all
20:47
evidence, her lawyer convinces her to
20:49
plead not guilty to murder charges.
20:52
Even though she knows better, she
20:55
killed the person she loved most
20:57
in the world. She was
20:59
there, and so were
21:01
countless witnesses. Adding
21:03
insult to injury before the
21:05
trial starts, Helen fires that
21:08
same lawyer after he only
21:10
visits her once in the weeks leading up to
21:12
the trial, which essentially leaves
21:14
her on her own. Helen
21:17
is ultimately convicted of second-degree
21:20
manslaughter and sentenced to
21:22
a prison term. She reportedly
21:24
serves two years before she's released
21:26
on probation. And
21:28
then she all but disappears
21:30
from public life. Around
21:37
1974 or 1975, when she gets out of prison, she leaves
21:39
the city without saying goodbye
21:44
to the community she loved so
21:46
much. She packs her
21:48
bags and leaves the lights, noise,
21:51
and music of New York behind
21:53
and goes back to North Carolina,
21:55
where she was raised. Little
21:57
is known about Helen's life before Rikers Island.
22:00
in New York, but what we do
22:02
know tells the story of a difficult
22:04
life, likely filled with abuse. She
22:07
was born in 1926 on
22:10
a small farm near Shalote, North
22:12
Carolina. She had her first child
22:14
at only 13 years old and
22:16
her second at 14. At 17, she married a 39-year-old bootlegger.
22:23
The circumstances of their marriage are
22:25
unknown, but two years
22:27
into their relationship, he died of
22:29
an accidental drowning, and she arrived
22:31
in New York shortly thereafter. Following
22:36
Lee's murder and Helen leaving New
22:38
York, she ends up in Wilmington,
22:40
North Carolina, not far from where
22:42
she was raised. To keep
22:44
her mind busy, she takes care of her
22:46
aging mother and gets involved in a local
22:49
church. She finds a new
22:51
community, different mouths to feed,
22:54
but her love of jazz never
22:56
fades, and according to family, her
22:58
actions that night in 1972 haunt
23:02
her for the rest of her life.
23:05
But she never talks about it. Then,
23:08
one day in 1988, Helen enrolls
23:11
in a night class at Shaw
23:13
University. Helen's in her
23:15
early 60s. The course is taught
23:18
by a jazz aficionado and radio
23:20
announcer named Larry Rainey Thomas.
23:23
Larry begins one lecture by passing
23:25
out his bio, and as Larry
23:27
hands Helen a slip of paper,
23:29
Helen mentions that she loves jazz.
23:32
In fact, she says, her husband
23:34
was a jazz musician. For
23:37
obvious reasons, this interests Larry, and
23:39
a smile comes over Helen's face
23:41
as she tells him her husband's
23:44
name. Lee. Lee
23:46
Morgan, she says. Larry
23:49
is stunned. He knows he's standing
23:51
in front of the woman who
23:53
killed one of jazz's greatest musicians.
23:56
Naturally, he asks if he can
23:58
interview her. She turns down
24:00
in the moment, but eight years
24:02
later, Larry receives an unexpected phone
24:05
call. It's Helen. She's
24:07
finally ready to give her side of
24:09
the story. And Larry
24:11
captures it all on tape. Segments
24:16
of the audio that Larry Rainey Thomas
24:18
captured are later included in the
24:20
award-winning documentary, I Called Him
24:22
Morgan. For the film,
24:24
director Kasper Collin interviewed many of
24:26
Lee's friends and fellow musicians. They
24:29
talk about how shattered they felt after
24:31
Lee's death, not only because their friend
24:33
was gone, but because Helen had been
24:36
the cause. Benny
24:38
Mopin was in San Francisco recording
24:41
with band leader Herbie Hancock when
24:43
he got the call that Lee was dead and
24:45
Helen was his killer. He
24:48
says he could barely reconcile his new
24:50
reality. Helen was warm,
24:52
loving, and compassionate. How
24:55
could she have done it? Why
24:57
would she kill the person she loved
24:59
most in the world? Even
25:02
Helen didn't have that answer. In the
25:04
interview with Larry, she offered a lot
25:06
of regret, but little in the way
25:08
of motive. In the heat of
25:11
the moment, she said, she lost it.
25:14
Larry planned a follow-up interview, but
25:16
Helen died in February 1996, just
25:20
one month later. She
25:23
took with her any chance of getting
25:25
more answers, leaving Lee's friends to fill
25:27
in the gaps for themselves. It
25:30
took years, Benny says, but he
25:32
ultimately forgave Helen for what she
25:34
had done. He blamed the
25:36
incident on a reaction to something dark in
25:39
her past. As he put it, that
25:42
was temporary insanity. When
25:44
she killed him, she
25:46
killed herself. Thanks
25:57
for listening to Serial Killers, a Spotify
26:00
podcast. We're here with a new episode
26:02
every Monday. Be sure to check us
26:04
out on Instagram at Serial Killers Podcast.
26:06
And we'd love to hear from you,
26:08
so if you're listening on the Spotify
26:10
app, swipe up and give us your
26:12
thoughts. Stay
26:15
safe out there. Serial
26:18
Killers is a Spotify podcast. This
26:20
episode was written by Molly Quinlan,
26:22
edited by Connor Sampson and Maggie
26:24
Admire, researched by Mickey Taylor and
26:27
Chelsea Wood, fact-checked by Adriana Romero
26:29
and Laurie Segal and sound-designed by
26:31
Alex Button. Our head of programming
26:34
is Julian Borro, our head of
26:36
production is Nick Johnson and Spencer
26:39
Howard is our post-production supervisor.
26:42
I'm your host, Vanessa Richardson.
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