0:00

The History Channel original podcast.

0:04

History This Week, June 10th, 1816.

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I'm Sally Helm. Lightning

0:19

above the lake. A

0:23

group of famous friends is gathered

0:25

at a villa in Switzerland. The

0:27

poet Lord Byron has rented the place.

0:30

He just moved in today. His guests

0:32

include his lover, Clare Godwin,

0:35

his doctor, John Polidori, and

0:37

also the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley,

0:40

and Mary Godwin, who is Shelley's

0:43

lover. It's

0:45

a summer alpine vacation, but

0:48

there is no sun sparkling on

0:50

the lake. 1816 has been unusually dark

0:52

and dreary. Some

0:56

are actually calling it the year without

0:59

summer. A volcanic eruption

1:01

in Indonesia has spewed so

1:03

much ash and lava and sulfur

1:06

into the air that a massive cloud

1:09

is drifting across the globe and

1:11

distorting the weather. There's

1:14

frost when it should be warm, dark

1:17

clouds when the day would normally be

1:19

bright. And so

1:22

these

1:22

pleasure-seeking poets are

1:25

stuck inside, trying to pass

1:27

the time. They've

1:30

gotten their hands on a book of ghost

1:33

stories, which feels right for

1:35

the gloomy setting. And after

1:37

a couple of days of rain, Lord

1:40

Byron comes up with an idea, a

1:43

challenge. He says, we will

1:46

each write a ghost

1:48

story.

1:51

At that moment, Lord Byron

1:54

is the most famous writer in

1:56

the English-speaking world. He

1:58

might reasonably.

1:59

expect to win his own challenge.

2:03

But not to be underestimated

2:05

is 18-year-old Mary

2:08

Godwin, who's about to have an idea

2:10

so ghostly that

2:13

it will tip over into

2:14

horror. The

2:16

title of her story remains iconic

2:19

to this day. Frankenstein.

2:22

Today, a monster is born.

2:29

How did Mary Godwin draw from her

2:32

life to write this famous novel?

2:35

And why have we now been talking

2:37

about her creation for more than 200

2:39

years?

2:48

Hey, babe. What you got there? This is a check from Carvana.

2:50

I just sold my car to them. I went online and Carvana

2:52

gave me an offer right away. Then they just picked up the

2:54

car and gave me this.

2:55

That's a big check. Well, obviously,

2:58

you could put this towards your next car, or we could finally

3:00

get that jacuzzi, or I could start

3:02

taking tuba lessons, or I could quit my job

3:04

and write my memoir.

3:06

Or I can put it towards my next car with

3:08

Carvana. Sorry, your check, not

3:10

mine. Sell your car to Carvana. Visit

3:12

carvana.com or download the app

3:14

to get a real offer in seconds.

3:19

Mary

3:24

Godwin learns to read by tracing the letters

3:26

on a tombstone.

3:27

Her dad takes her to the graveyard

3:31

where her mom is buried and teaches her how to

3:33

read. This is a true story

3:36

on her mom's grave. Wow. I

3:38

know. It's true. It really is

3:40

a true story.

3:43

This is author

3:45

Charlotte Gordon. She's a very famous author.

3:48

She's a very famous author. This is author

3:50

Charlotte Gordon. She says

3:52

it is almost too fitting

3:55

because the works that Mary will later write are

3:58

so much about death. The

4:00

monster at the center of her most famous novel,

4:03

Frankenstein, is made of

4:05

human cadavers.

4:08

And Mary's own birth was

4:10

haunted by death. Her

4:12

mother died of complications

4:15

after the delivery. Not

4:17

only that, the two shared

4:19

a first name. So when

4:21

Little Mary traces the letters on that

4:23

tombstone, she is actually tracing

4:26

her own name.

4:28

So it's Mary Godwin,

4:31

Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. And

4:34

her mother's most famous accomplishment

4:36

is chiseled right there on the headstone.

4:39

Author of A Vindication

4:42

of the Rights of Woman. Mary

4:44

Wollstonecraft was one of the first writers

4:46

in English to advocate for women's rights

4:49

to money, education, and independence.

4:52

So Little Mary's first words

4:54

are her mom's name,

4:56

which is her name, and vindication,

4:58

and woman. It's not

5:01

like a dog and cat, you know? When

5:03

she was alive, not everyone had

5:06

been ready for Mary Wollstonecraft's ideas,

5:08

to put it mildly.

5:10

She was called a whore. I think

5:12

a hyena and petticoats is one of the

5:15

famous horrible things they said. But

5:17

Mary Godwin had been brought up to

5:19

revere her dead mother. Mary

5:22

Wollstonecraft's books were all over the shelves.

5:24

There was a gigantic portrait of her on the wall,

5:27

pregnant with Mary. Perhaps

5:29

it's no wonder that by the time Mary

5:31

is a teen, she has embraced

5:34

her mother's example. Mary

5:36

had already decided from the time she was a

5:38

little girl that she was going to carry

5:40

forward the revolutionary

5:42

ideas of her mom. Her

5:47

father, William Godwin, is a radical

5:49

in his own right, a famous anarchist.

5:52

They get along really well,

5:54

but Mary does not get along

5:56

with her stepmother,

5:57

who favors her daughter, Jane, Mary Wollstonecraft.

6:00

stepsister over Mary.

6:03

Jane's mother signs her up for French and

6:05

singing lessons. Meanwhile, Mary

6:08

and her stepmom can't stop fighting. It

6:11

gets so bad that Mary is sent away

6:13

to Scotland. But if

6:15

the plan is for that trip to calm

6:17

her down and make her follow the rules, no.

6:22

Scotland during this time period would

6:24

be like going to San Francisco

6:26

during Haight-Ashbury. It was a radical

6:29

hotbed of revolutionaries who were protesting

6:32

the English government. Mary

6:34

feels right at home. She

6:36

buys a tartan, the plaid cloth

6:39

symbolizing Scottish freedom. Kind

6:41

of like a tie-dyed t-shirt in 1970. And

6:44

she comes back to England and she wears

6:46

the tartan all the time as like

6:48

a declaration of what a radical she is. It's

6:51

back in England that

6:52

the 16-year-old Mary meets a

6:54

21-year-old poet who,

6:57

like her, wants to remake

6:59

the world. He is Percy

7:02

Bish Shelley.

7:04

And when he meets Mary, here's what he sees.

7:06

She was small, but she had reddish-goldish

7:09

hair that was apparently

7:11

one of her great beauties. And she was

7:13

very, very, very pale. And

7:15

there's descriptions of her during

7:18

this time as being kind of

7:20

magical-looking. Mary's

7:23

father invites Percy to dinner at

7:25

the family home in London, where

7:27

Percy gets a sense for what this pale,

7:30

red-haired teenager is like.

7:32

She was quiet,

7:34

but intense. There was nothing shy about

7:36

her, but she did not speak unless she had

7:38

something to say. And Percy Shelley, who's

7:40

he at this moment? You know, the first word that

7:42

comes to mind is lunatic. He

7:45

had been kicked out of college for atheism.

7:47

He had written a whole screed against

7:50

Christianity. He, too, was at constant

7:52

war with his parents. Percy

7:55

is a philosopher, a poet,

7:58

and not all that down to earth.

7:59

He had great ideas like, let's

8:02

put revolutionary messages in glass bottles

8:05

and throw them into the water, and

8:07

then they'll wash up on beaches and people will be inspired.

8:10

This is classic Percy, like incredibly

8:12

idealistic and not a practical bone in his

8:14

body. Mary is into it. His

8:18

hair was a little too long. He often

8:20

wore his shirt open so you could see his sexy

8:22

throat and, you know, chest. To

8:25

older people, he looked a little sketchy, I think. But

8:28

to a young woman, he looked super exciting.

8:29

So when she meets Percy,

8:32

it's pretty much love at first sight for

8:34

her. And she lets him know by

8:37

taking him to her favorite place, her

8:40

mother's grave. She says to him,

8:43

I love you. We are

8:45

soulmates.

8:50

At this moment, June of 1814,

8:54

Mary and Percy are in the grip of

8:56

a powerful movement called romanticism.

9:00

In some ways, romanticism is a reaction

9:03

against the Enlightenment, with its emphasis

9:05

on reason and order.

9:08

The romantics, on the other hand, prize

9:10

things like individual conscience

9:12

and imagination.

9:14

Their art pulses with emotion.

9:17

It exalts in the wildness of nature.

9:20

And it doesn't shy away from

9:22

the problem of death. So

9:25

Mary and Percy are standing in a graveyard

9:28

with her declaration, we

9:30

are soulmates hanging in

9:32

the air.

9:33

It's kind of the most romantic situation

9:35

possible. Percy looks

9:38

at Mary and says, I

9:40

feel the same. They are in

9:43

love. Now, the only

9:45

thing left to figure out is how to move

9:47

forward as a couple.

9:52

That is not going to be easy. Percy

9:54

has an estranged wife and two

9:57

children. Mary knows this. She

10:00

says, because you're married, we will have to run

10:02

away together. And that's what they

10:04

do. The couple runs off

10:06

to Paris, which creates a scandal.

10:10

Mary's family members are not happy, except

10:13

for one person. Her stepsister,

10:15

Jane, the pampered sibling with the

10:18

French and the singing lessons. She

10:20

actually joins them in Paris. When

10:23

they return to London, she changes her name

10:25

from Jane to Claire because she thinks

10:27

it sounds romantic. And eventually,

10:29

she gets tired of being

10:32

the third wheel. Claire wanted her own

10:34

poet. She wanted to have an exciting

10:36

affair. And there was probably no one

10:38

more famous during this time period than Lord

10:40

Byron. Lord Byron.

10:44

A hugely acclaimed poet, a

10:46

true celebrity, also known

10:49

for his shocking personal life. He

10:51

was really a scandalous guy. Byron

10:55

has had countless affairs

10:57

and at least one child out of wedlock.

10:59

He's had relationships with men

11:02

and women and an incestuous

11:04

dalliance with his half-sister.

11:07

One of his former lovers called him, mad,

11:10

bad, and dangerous to

11:12

know. He was another

11:15

rule breaker and extraordinarily

11:17

handsome and charismatic. Just

11:19

what Claire is looking for. She

11:22

propositions him by letter. And

11:24

he's like, sure. So they begin

11:26

an affair.

11:30

To Byron, it's just a fling.

11:33

But Claire has other ideas. So

11:35

she makes some plans. She

11:38

finds out that Byron is going to go to Geneva

11:40

for the summer. Then she convinces

11:42

Percy and Mary, who now calls herself

11:45

Mary Shelley, to bring their baby's

11:47

son on their own vacation with her

11:49

to Lake Geneva. She

11:51

has a feeling that Byron will be interested

11:53

in the Shelly's, this up-and-coming

11:56

poet and his mistress, the daughter of

11:58

famous radicals.

11:59

So in May of 1816, they all travel

12:02

to Switzerland.

12:08

Lord Byron shows up in typical

12:11

style. He was obsessed

12:13

with Napoleon, so when he arrived in Geneva,

12:16

he's got this carriage that he has designed

12:18

to look exactly like Napoleon's carriage.

12:21

He's also brought his menagerie.

12:24

Eight dogs, some monkeys, a falcon.

12:27

And tagging along is a young man

12:29

named Dr. John Pollardori. He's

12:32

supposed to be keeping track of Byron

12:34

to make sure Byron is writing. And he's

12:36

kind of an unhappy fellow. He wants

12:39

to be like them, but kind of isn't. And

12:41

is really put in this place of being this

12:43

kind of uncomfortable observer.

12:46

So what is the vibe around this party

12:49

in Lake Geneva? How are people talking about them?

12:52

There was one hotel that all the English

12:54

usually stayed at in Geneva. And

12:57

so that's where they're all staying initially. A

12:59

hotel where the British aristocracy

13:02

come to see and be seen.

13:04

And they find this group scandalous.

13:08

Adulterers. Ruined women. Poets.

13:12

The newspapers call this group of friends the

13:14

League of Incest. And every

13:16

time the two young women enter a room,

13:19

everyone is quiet. People turn their

13:21

backs on them. It's horrible.

13:24

So the whole group says, in effect, well,

13:26

if you don't want us, we don't want you.

13:29

They leave the hotel and camp to a

13:31

pair of vacation homes across the lake.

13:34

They're not far apart, 100 yards apart, and

13:36

they spend all their time together.

13:38

But the aristocratic hotel guests

13:40

are not done snooping. They

13:42

actually set up a telescope to keep those

13:45

poets in their disapproving eye. Until

13:49

storms sweep in and obscure

13:51

the view. Inside

13:54

those vacation homes, under threatening

13:57

skies, one of history's most

13:59

famous...

13:59

monsters will be born.

14:06

June 1816,

14:13

the year without summer. It

14:18

rains and it rains and it rains.

14:21

And you know you cannot keep a bunch

14:23

of romantic poets all cooped up without

14:25

something happening. It is during

14:28

one of those dreary days that

14:30

Byron throws down his famous

14:32

challenge.

14:34

We will each write

14:36

a ghost story.

14:39

They're really trying to create works

14:41

that provoke strong feelings in their readers.

14:45

And one of the strongest feelings that a reader can have

14:47

is fear and awe and trembling. Blank

14:51

pages on desks, ink pens in

14:53

hand, everyone gets to work. Byron

14:56

does start to write something and it turns into

14:58

Manfred, which is a long poem about

15:01

a magician. And Percy starts

15:03

to write something which turns into his

15:05

Prometheus Unbound. But it's

15:07

Mary who starts

15:09

writing immediately and really

15:11

does come up with a story that will

15:13

scare audiences for hundreds

15:16

of years after. Oh, so she wins the

15:18

ghost story challenge, we would say. Oh my God. Yeah,

15:20

the two men don't even write a ghost story. For

15:23

days, Mary writes, she's

15:26

totally absorbed by her story, which

15:28

is about making dead flesh

15:31

live again. She

15:33

writes and then she'll pass the notebook over to

15:36

Percy and he will make corrections

15:38

or changes and she'll either

15:39

accept them or not. When Percy

15:42

and Byron read her early pages,

15:44

they say, you're on to something.

15:47

She works feverishly on her manuscript

15:50

as the atmosphere around her starts

15:52

seeping into her scenes. The

15:55

dark, the cold in

15:58

the evening, she's gripped by.

15:59

Dr. Paula Dory's reading of lectures

16:02

on the life force. And she

16:04

ventures out into the Alps, then

16:07

pours what she sees there into

16:09

her journal. And so we have

16:11

these amazing descriptions of the journey

16:14

in the mountains, through the snowstorm

16:16

of the trees. Those passages,

16:19

almost unchanged, go right into

16:21

the novel. Never was

16:23

a scene more awfully desolate. The

16:26

trees in these regions are incredibly

16:28

large and stand

16:29

in scattered clumps over the white wilderness.

16:33

This bleak and forlorn and

16:35

powerful landscape where human beings

16:38

seem small and nature is very,

16:40

very, very big.

16:46

In Mary's book, one of those

16:49

small human beings tries

16:51

to bend nature to his

16:53

will.

16:57

The main character is Dr. Victor

17:00

Frankenstein. A very

17:02

brilliant young man who gets attracted

17:05

to the occult arts and

17:07

sciences. He realizes no

17:09

one has ever created life. And

17:11

that's what he wants to do. And he reads

17:14

and he studies and he keeps his ambition a secret.

17:17

He goes into graveyards and digs up body parts,

17:20

sews them together, and using electricity

17:23

creates a man who Mary

17:26

calls the creature.

17:27

The creature is brought

17:29

to life in this unnatural,

17:32

horrifying fashion. But

17:34

in his heart, he's innocent. And

17:37

right from the start, he feels

17:39

the world's cruelty. Dr.

17:42

Frankenstein takes one look at the creature

17:44

and runs away from him. So the creature

17:46

whose eyes are just opening doesn't

17:49

see anyone there. He's like, where's my dad?

17:51

And he starts going out into the countryside

17:54

looking for his father, looking for love,

17:56

looking for education.

17:57

He's lost like a child

18:00

a parent. And here again,

18:03

Mary is drawing from her own life.

18:06

Mary always felt implicated about

18:08

the death of her mom. You know, she herself

18:11

wouldn't have existence if her mom hadn't

18:14

given birth to her, and yet her mom dies

18:16

because she gives birth to her. It's this sort

18:18

of horrible collision of birth and death. A

18:21

collision that she'd experienced again

18:23

just a few years before. After

18:26

Paris, Mary and Percy

18:29

had a baby,

18:29

Clara, who was born

18:32

prematurely. The child only

18:34

lives a few days and breaks Mary's

18:36

heart by dying. Mary

18:39

has been plagued by dreams of Clara

18:41

for years. She wrote in her

18:43

journal, dreamt that my

18:46

little baby came to life again, that

18:49

it had only been cold and

18:51

that we rubbed it by the fire and it lived.

18:55

I awaken to find no baby. I think

18:58

about the little thing all day.

18:59

There's this tremendous

19:02

yearning to heal death.

19:08

You can feel it all through the pages of

19:11

Frankenstein. But the creature

19:13

himself yearns to

19:15

live. He's been abandoned

19:17

by his father. But then he

19:19

stumbles across some possible

19:22

friends.

19:26

He comes across a little cottage off

19:28

in the wilderness somewhere, and he's by

19:30

now learned that people are scared when they see

19:32

him. So he hides himself from the cottagers,

19:35

but he listens every night as they gather

19:38

around the fire and read to one another

19:40

and talk, and he loves them all so much.

19:43

So much that he resolves to thank

19:45

them in person.

19:47

I persuaded

19:48

myself that when they should become

19:50

acquainted with my admiration of their

19:52

virtues, they would overlook

19:55

my personal deformity. Could

19:58

they turn from their door?

19:59

You're one, however monstrous,

20:02

who solicited their

20:04

compassion and friendship.

20:08

Finally he gets up his nerve and he's

20:10

hoping that they will accept him and he

20:13

starts bringing them little presents, starts

20:15

cutting them wood and leaving it by the doorstep.

20:18

And one day finally goes and

20:20

says, hello, I'm your friend. They

20:24

run screaming away and he

20:27

is so mad and so hurt that

20:30

he burns the cottage down. Mary

20:32

writes movingly about

20:34

the creature's sorrow. She's

20:37

very concerned about the

20:39

cruelty of man to man, how

20:42

we treat people who are not like ourselves,

20:44

like herself, in fact, and Percy.

20:47

They have been treated with incredible cruelty, as

20:49

was her mother. Her mother was exiled.

20:52

So

20:53

when the creature is shunned by everybody

20:55

because of what he looks like,

20:57

we're meant to feel sorry for the creature.

21:04

Mary shares that feeling of exile

21:06

with other women of her time.

21:09

It is an incredibly repressive time to

21:11

be a woman.

21:12

Women have zero rights and if

21:14

they do rebel, they end up

21:16

experiencing social exile or tremendous

21:18

poverty, etc. Mary

21:21

feels all this especially keenly

21:23

in the autumn of 1816 when she returns to London

21:26

to revise

21:28

her manuscript. But as

21:31

she is finishing her ghost story, there

21:35

is a plague of

21:37

female suicides. The authorities

21:40

in London instituted a law

21:42

where they will

21:42

give rewards to people

21:45

if they will stand by the Thames

21:47

and look out for young women who keep flinging

21:50

themselves into the river. This

21:52

epidemic sweeps up two women

21:55

that Mary knows personally. One

21:57

of them is Percy's estranged wife.

21:59

Mary is filled

22:02

with guilt at their deaths. I

22:04

often feel that Frankenstein itself,

22:07

the text is haunted by these

22:09

women, and Mary herself says that, that she

22:11

has these dreams of both

22:13

women, and feels their ghosts are

22:16

in the book. Charlotte

22:18

Gordon says, the ideas that

22:20

Mary Wollstonecraft fought for, the

22:23

vindication of the rights of women,

22:26

she thinks those ideas show up

22:28

in the novel, Frankenstein.

22:29

This is actually

22:32

a book about women. People think I'm

22:34

crazy when I say that, because

22:37

all of the women end up getting killed by

22:39

the creature. The women in the novel

22:41

are pushed to the sidelines or killed,

22:44

while the man at the center, Victor

22:46

Frankenstein, plays God

22:48

by creating life on his own. The

22:51

result is a creature who's

22:54

motherless, like Mary was. I

22:57

would say this is a dystopian novel

22:59

about a world

22:59

without mothers, and a world without

23:02

strong women. Unchecked

23:04

male ambition, says Mary Shelley, is

23:07

going to wreak havoc on the world.

23:14

Frankenstein is a scientist,

23:16

and a callous, absent

23:19

parent. He's a horrible

23:21

father, and he's also a horrible inventor,

23:23

says

23:24

Mary. What you're supposed to do when

23:26

you invent something

23:27

is prepare the world for its arrival,

23:30

and then shepherd it into

23:32

the world yourself, so that no harm

23:35

can be done. Frankenstein

23:37

does not do that, and the

23:39

shunned creature strikes

23:42

back.

23:45

The creature starts his path of revenge,

23:48

and he's by now figured out who his father

23:50

is. And he goes to where

23:53

Dr. Frankenstein grew up,

23:54

and he kills members of Frankenstein's

23:57

family. And when

23:58

Frankenstein realizes that this is his life, he's a human being.

23:59

This monster is chasing him. They

24:02

have a big confrontation up in the Alps. All

24:05

men hate the wretched. How

24:08

then must I be hated

24:11

who are miserable beyond all

24:13

living things? Yet

24:16

you, my creator,

24:19

detest and spurn

24:22

me?

24:22

The creature says

24:24

he'll stop the killing if his creator

24:27

exumes more body parts and

24:29

stitches them into a companion.

24:33

The creature wants Frankenstein to make

24:35

him a partner because he's so lonely, please,

24:37

please, please make me a female creature. And

24:39

Frankenstein agrees and then he suddenly thinks,

24:42

wait, if I make a female creature,

24:44

I will have cursed the world with these dreadful

24:46

monsters. And I can't do it. And

24:48

that enrages the creature even more.

24:50

If you refuse,

24:53

I will glut the maw of

24:55

death until it be satiated

24:58

with the blood of your remaining

25:01

friends.

25:02

Ultimately, the

25:05

creature ends up killing everybody who was

25:07

important to Frankenstein, including his bride.

25:11

The book ends with the creature and the doctor

25:13

chasing each other across frozen wastes

25:16

at the far end of the world. By

25:19

this point, they're both human

25:22

and both monsters.

25:28

Frankenstein is published in 1818.

25:32

Its author is anonymous.

25:35

And Charlotte Gordon says it is not

25:38

an instant classic.

25:40

When the book is read, there are some people

25:42

who love it. If you're a novelist and a romantic,

25:45

you're probably going to like it. It certainly

25:47

didn't sell many copies.

25:49

But then it's mounted as a play.

25:54

The book becomes a smash hit when it's

25:56

on the stage. Some people hate

25:58

the play. say it's ungodly

26:01

the way this scientist takes on the power

26:03

of human creation. They're like, that

26:05

power should belong to God. And

26:08

when Mary reveals herself as the author

26:11

in 1821, many people are stunned. A

26:15

woman wrote this monstrous

26:17

thing? Decades later,

26:20

when the book is recognized as a masterpiece,

26:23

some scholars even assume that Percy

26:25

must have written it. Of course, he

26:28

didn't. It is Mary's

26:29

ghosts that haunt the novel's pages,

26:33

and her writing that has made the

26:35

story endure.

26:44

Thanks for listening to History This

26:46

Week. For moments throughout history

26:48

that are also worth watching, check your local

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TV listings to find out what's on the

26:53

History Channel today. If

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you want to get in touch, please shoot us an email

26:57

at our email address, historythisweekathistory.com,

27:01

or you can leave us a voicemail, 212-351-0410. Special

27:08

thanks to our guest, Charlotte Gordon, author

27:10

of Romantic Outlaws, The

27:13

Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft

27:16

and Mary Shelley. The voice actors

27:18

you heard throughout this episode are Jessica

27:20

Gillick and David Miller. This

27:23

episode was produced by Corinne Wallace.

27:25

It was sound designed by Brian Flood and

27:28

story edited by Jim O'Grady. Our

27:30

senior producer is Ben Dixtein. History

27:32

This Week is also produced by Julia Press, Chloe

27:35

Weiner, and me, Sally Helm. Our

27:37

associate producer is Emma Fredricks. Our

27:40

supervising producer is Mckamey Lynn, and

27:42

our executive producer is Jesse Katz.

27:44

Don't forget to subscribe, rate,

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and review History This Week wherever you get your podcasts,

27:49

and we'll see you next week.

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