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we're all about change. Listen to stories,

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the give us all hope on All

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About Change where you get your podcasts,

1:05

Gonna girl here? I mean you

1:07

and Fogarty. you're friendly guy to

1:09

the English language. We talk about

1:11

writing history, roles and other cool

1:13

stuff. Today we'll talk about the

1:15

words we used to refer to.

1:17

dogs are writing concept called the

1:19

audience of One you are comments

1:22

about the medial as and more

1:24

and finally a family story about

1:26

a footbridge. Dogs

1:31

may be man's best friend, but how

1:33

did the word itself go? from a

1:35

term for our furry canine friends to

1:37

a word for everything from our feet

1:39

to a type of me we put

1:42

on a been. Well,

1:44

first words have a natural tendency

1:46

to shift and morphine meaning of

1:48

her time as they get used

1:50

in different contexts and they take

1:52

on other subtle shades of meaning

1:54

related to their original sense. Take

1:57

their word silly, for example, The

2:00

Old English Times Silly

2:02

Mountain Blessed. Since

2:04

those who are pious or blessed are

2:07

often looked at as fairly innocent, the

2:09

meaning of the word took on a

2:11

sense of hapless in the sense it

2:13

didn't take long. For people to start to

2:15

pity. Those helpless innocent falls

2:18

and walla the word. Shifted

2:20

once more to it's current meaning.

2:23

Like why is the word dog and English.

2:25

Has changed meanings over the course of

2:28

it's history. That before we

2:30

get into the different ways that dogs

2:32

has shifted, we first have to figure

2:34

out where the word even came from

2:36

as that is a bit of an

2:38

animal logical mystery. We

2:40

find some traces of the word and

2:43

old English, mainly as dodger, but they

2:45

were very few examples of it's use

2:47

in writings. Before Middle English where

2:49

it became Dougie D O G

2:52

G E. Since

2:54

most of the words related to

2:56

dog found in other languages like

2:58

German though got to refer to

3:00

a mass deaths occur later than

3:02

it's earliest appearance in English, it's

3:04

likely it with a borrowing to

3:06

describe a dog com and to

3:08

are bred in England. Most

3:11

curiously, before it's appearance and early

3:13

English, there are no clear traces

3:15

of the word in any ancestor

3:17

language. Some people speculate

3:19

that the word might have developed as

3:21

a diminutive of the German bird dogs

3:23

meaning dark as in. A darkly colored

3:26

dog. A similar process

3:28

hypothesize to have given rise to

3:30

a number of Old English animal

3:33

names of zag origins that also

3:35

and in see like frogs, hog

3:38

and stag. Still,

3:40

Not many Old English dogs would have

3:42

even known the term, since the Germanic

3:44

word fund was the generic word for

3:47

a dog back then. Star.

3:49

Just seems to have mainly been used

3:51

when talking. About and aggressive, honed

3:53

or a bit later, a specific

3:56

breed, particularly a mass death. Endless

3:59

a bit of a link. Stick turnabout. Today's

4:01

sound from yesterday's Holland has

4:03

now shifted in meaning to

4:05

refer to only a particular

4:07

type of dog sled dog.

4:09

Has replaced find as the umbrella term.

4:12

Gotta love those little linguistic

4:14

twists. Much as we

4:16

love furry companions today, the dogs

4:18

of your tended to be hunting

4:21

dogs or guard dogs rather than

4:23

house pats. Them are often considered

4:25

vicious or unpleasant. This attitude is

4:27

probably what led the meaning of

4:30

the word to expand to not

4:32

just the animal itself, but by

4:34

the fourteenth century to be metaphorically

4:37

put to work as an insult

4:39

for people acting like a canine

4:41

ricin in some way. We

4:44

see Shakespeare making good use of the word

4:46

and his Henry the Six. Calling. Out

4:48

some men as dogs cowards

4:50

disturbs. Related Li it's

4:53

used to call out a mischievous

4:55

but possibly somewhat lovable scoundrel as

4:57

in New Dog arose around the

5:00

eighteenth century. The

5:02

extension of dog to refer to

5:04

an unattractive person is relatively recent

5:06

spent one that also draws on

5:08

making and direct human to canine

5:11

comparison With the first citation in

5:13

the nineteen thirties. And

5:15

since we love to change nails

5:17

to verbs whenever possible as in

5:20

the transformation of parents into parenting

5:22

and adult into adult thing we

5:24

started dogging people many to follow

5:27

a bit too closely by the

5:29

sixteenth century presumably also an unattractive.

5:32

Characteristic of our four legged

5:34

friends. Snell. All these

5:36

new senses are clearly derived from

5:38

the personification of some traits associated

5:40

with a dog itself. But the

5:43

bigger question is, how did a

5:45

word for canines somehow start to

5:47

become associated with the type of

5:49

sausage. Thought the term

5:52

hot dogs first appeared. In the late

5:54

eighteen hundreds as part of college

5:56

slang to. Refer to a

5:58

sausage though. The characteristic.

6:01

Of dogs themselves this meaning likely

6:03

a rose from lore still common

6:05

among many who is a college

6:07

cafeteria today that the mystery me

6:10

to found in college dining halls

6:12

held from a to. Perform as

6:14

made in other words, dog meat.

6:17

The. Saw it seems to come from

6:20

the fact that it was served warm, giving

6:22

us. Hot dogs. A

6:25

reference to dog meat has also

6:27

been invoked as the potential inspiration

6:29

for using dogs as a colloquial

6:32

reference to see it as in

6:34

my Dogs Are Aching Only This

6:36

Time arising from slang poetry that

6:39

rhymed seat with Dogs Meet in

6:41

the early Nineteen Hundreds and the

6:43

Association Stock. And

6:45

speaking of the relation between dogs and

6:48

random body parts, how did we end

6:50

up with the hair of the Dog

6:52

as a reference to a hangover cheering

6:55

cocktail. That one short

6:57

for her of the dog that

6:59

bit you consume a sixteenth century

7:01

believe that one should consume the

7:03

hair of the ascending dog As

7:05

a remedy is he had the

7:07

bad luck of encountering a rabid

7:09

dog. Clearly,

7:12

over the course of English history,

7:14

our furry friends have provided both

7:16

companionship and linguistic inspiration. One might

7:19

even say they've been working like

7:21

dogs in the service of English

7:23

as semantic expansion. Unless of course

7:26

you one of those who believes.

7:28

Are language is going to the

7:30

dogs. That it might just be a dog

7:32

on same. Start. Saying

7:34

That was written by Valerie Friedland,

7:36

a professor of linguistics is the

7:38

University of Nevada in Reno and

7:41

the author of like literally dude

7:43

arguing said the good in bad

7:45

English You can find her at

7:47

Valerie friedland.com. I.

7:52

Won't let my active, sorry attic

7:54

arthritis joint symptoms define me emerge

7:56

as you trim fire To sell,

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Command is proven to. Never gently

8:00

reduced joint pain stiffness, And swelling

8:02

and adults with active, sorry attic arthritis.

8:04

Some patients even reported less fatigue as

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8:09

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8:20

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8:22

your doctor should check you for their

8:24

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8:26

you have an infection or symptoms of

8:29

infection including fever, sweats, tools, muscle aches

8:31

or cough, tell your doctor if you

8:33

had a vaccine or plan to emerge

8:35

as you learn more about some fire

8:38

including important safety information, And some fire.com

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or call one eight seven seven five

8:42

seventy three five to seven see our

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ad and food and wine magazines for

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patients prescribed from science. Cost support may

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be available. The

8:53

world we live in his in. This

8:56

is all wrong. I say that

8:58

mental have said. But it

9:00

doesn't get any better on it's

9:03

own. I stand before you, not

9:05

as an expert consensus. That's where

9:07

we talked to activists about how

9:09

they do, what they do and

9:11

what inspires them to keep going.

9:14

Because we're all about chains, listen

9:16

to stories, the give us all

9:18

hope on All about change with

9:20

every get to podcasts. Remember.

9:23

The frustration of trying to

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fifty percent off every that

10:36

a stone.com/grammar Today. There's

10:43

a communication concept I've been running

10:45

into over and over lately called

10:47

the Audience of One. For example,

10:49

if you been listening for a

10:51

while, you may remember that I'm

10:53

taking an audio book narration course

10:55

run by David H. Lawrence the

10:57

Seventeenth, which is really fun by

10:59

the way. I'm having a great

11:01

time and in that course David

11:04

talked about imagining an audience of

11:06

one. As your narrating,

11:08

don't think of all the people

11:10

who could be listening. but imagine

11:13

one person to will be listening

11:15

and read to that one person.

11:18

For example, it can help you decide. On your

11:20

tone. Smithy. Are trying to

11:22

convince the listener have something. or

11:25

alternatively, maybe you're preaching to the

11:27

choir and you might say things

11:29

differently is a different tone in

11:32

those two situations. In

11:34

marketing services related to the

11:36

idea of creating persona as

11:38

if your marketing audio books

11:40

your audience of one for

11:42

one email campaign may be

11:45

a single mother who wishes

11:47

she could enjoy. More books

11:49

and for another campaign.

11:51

It may be a person who commutes on

11:53

the subway and New York. Marketers

11:55

get really into this concept. Of

11:58

creating persona as and on. Even

12:00

give these imaginary people names

12:02

and mock. Up pictures of them. Sees.

12:05

Persona is still represent groups

12:07

of people, but the point

12:09

is that you'd use different

12:11

language that target Mallory the

12:14

single mom or Maria the

12:16

subway commuter because they are

12:18

each your conceptual audience of

12:20

one for that campaign. And

12:23

then when am I linked in? Learning

12:25

courses that just came out is about

12:27

reading. This plane lingered, which is a

12:29

style of writing that's required for people

12:31

in the Us government, and it's been

12:34

adopted by more and more companies to

12:36

because it's been proven to be such

12:38

an effective way to communicate. There's

12:41

a lot to it. Bet one of

12:43

the elements is that you want speak

12:45

or write to an audience of one.

12:48

In a way that feels like

12:50

you're having a one on one

12:53

conversation with the reader which in

12:55

practical terms means using the pronouns

12:57

you your and I. Here's

13:00

a simple example: instead of writing, people

13:02

have a lot of empty time when

13:04

they commute on the subway. right?

13:07

You have a lot of empty

13:09

time when you commute on the

13:11

subway. It's a

13:13

simple change, but multiple studies

13:15

back up the idea that

13:18

audiences are more receptive to

13:20

this kind of message. It

13:22

mimics the way we normally talk to

13:25

each other and it makes people feel

13:27

like the material as approachable and for

13:29

them. For example,

13:31

a study by the Federal Communications

13:33

Commission the Fcc found that readers

13:36

a liked documents the had sex

13:38

and settings and they liked those

13:40

headings even more when the headings

13:43

were written with pronouns. For

13:45

example, readers will like information

13:47

you need for the project.

13:50

More than information

13:52

consumers. Need for the project.

13:56

And then a very different studies that

13:58

found something similar. In two

14:00

thousand and seventeen Dame Goal then

14:02

and sell stark of that success

14:04

thirty thousand you tube videos for

14:06

To Body and hey. Dot Com.

14:09

And what they sound was that

14:11

saying the word you just once

14:14

in the first five seconds of

14:16

a video increased. Overalls used by

14:18

an average of sixty six percent.

14:21

And that V is be increased

14:23

by ninety seven percent, essentially doubling

14:25

the view count as the you

14:27

tube or said the word. You

14:30

twice in the first five

14:32

seconds. Snell.

14:34

I don't know if that's true anymore.

14:36

Online algorithms has changed a lot since

14:38

Two Thousand and Seventeen, and I know

14:41

Youtube. Some nails are really important these

14:43

days, but because of all the other

14:45

ways we know the word do is

14:47

compelling, so it wouldn't surprise me if

14:49

having you at the beginning of your

14:51

video or in your title still bumps

14:54

up. The is today. To

14:56

the word you definitely appeals to

14:58

people. Think about the same as

15:00

Mcdonalds tag line you deserve a

15:02

break today or the Uncle Sam

15:05

posters that says i want You

15:07

and actually the you in the

15:09

name you tube. But

15:11

there's also more going on than

15:13

this one magic word. Both the

15:15

You Tube Steady and the Fcc

15:18

plain language workbook point out that

15:20

when you frame your message with

15:22

the word You, you're also creating

15:24

that audience of one in your

15:26

own mind, and you're more likely

15:29

to focus on with the viewer

15:31

of your video, wants to get

15:33

out of it, or to understand

15:35

what the reader is really looking

15:37

for from your document about Fcc

15:40

regulations and. That can also southerly

15:42

or maybe not so subtly, teams,

15:44

The way you write a document

15:47

or script the information you include

15:49

and how you organize it. You're

15:52

essentially adopting your audience's perspective and

15:54

understanding your audience and their needs

15:57

is always in the central part

15:59

of. It and great content. So.

16:02

The next time you sit

16:04

down to write something whether

16:06

it's a blog, post, a

16:08

marketing email, or instructions on

16:10

how to complete some form

16:12

or application process, think about

16:14

the ways you can take

16:16

your readers' perspective and present

16:18

the information as a conversation

16:20

between you and that audience

16:22

of one. And if

16:25

you'd like to learn more about

16:27

riding with plain language, I can

16:29

honestly say that of all my

16:31

seven linked in learning courses, my

16:33

plain language course changed my own

16:35

writing the most. The concepts are

16:37

really simple to implement that also

16:39

just transformer nov and you can

16:42

find that course. By searching for my

16:44

name money on Saturday. At Linked

16:46

In Learning which is you

16:48

know online thin but also

16:50

available free through many county

16:52

and university libraries. That

16:58

before we get to the families this

17:00

week a few of you had interesting

17:02

comments. About recent shows. First,

17:05

regarding our piece on the Long

17:07

Ass or the medial, as a

17:09

listener from Germany who goes by

17:11

Sachs S. M said that the

17:13

German double S that we mentioned

17:15

in the episode is actually a

17:17

shortening of the letter S N

17:19

Z. We simply said

17:21

the Long As lives on today and

17:24

the German Double Less. So I looked

17:26

into this a bit more. And the

17:28

German Double as as we called it

17:30

is also known as the Asset or

17:33

sharp S in German, and it kinda

17:35

looks like a fancy capital letter B.

17:38

And Stats Fm is correct. Most

17:40

sources say it originally started as

17:42

a leakage her connecting the long

17:45

ass to the letters he. Still,

17:47

German isn't my specialty, but

17:49

I believe the as said

17:52

is primarily is today said

17:54

the double as sound after

17:56

long vowels and defines soon

17:58

words. Like Strasser for. Street.

18:01

So in that sense historically the German

18:03

letter that certain kind of like

18:05

the letter B the as said does

18:07

historically come from a league utter of

18:10

the long yes and the letter Z.

18:12

Even now it's pronounced as a

18:15

double as today. And

18:17

then Toby from San Antonio called

18:19

and pointed me to an episode

18:21

of the Tv show Tears from

18:24

Nineteen Eighty Five. of all things

18:26

that had a joke about the

18:28

medial S. Frazier convinces Woody to

18:30

run for City council and then

18:33

they have this conversation in the

18:35

bar. You. Reading for

18:37

modern up on the

18:39

constitution gets ever said

18:41

to run for Congress?

18:44

Congress would go mealtimes.

18:46

B S's looked like

18:48

this. Quote

18:51

from elected as the first

18:53

there was too serious sunny.

18:55

even if it's a little simplified and then

18:57

they end of the bed with this. a

18:59

minute or so later, Too

19:02

bad though those really looking forward

19:04

vila. Good city

19:06

councilman and force and

19:08

hard to make sure

19:10

that every person in

19:13

my district was insured

19:15

life, liberty and the

19:17

pursuit of happiness. Thanks

19:19

so much for the call to be! That

19:21

was a great find! And

19:23

then a listener named Ben Scranton

19:25

Road ends with really interesting observations

19:28

about letters like Ass and Long

19:30

as in other languages in that

19:32

they also have letters that are

19:35

written differently depending on where they

19:37

appear in a word he mentioned

19:39

Greek which has the letter Sigma,

19:41

which is the equivalent of the

19:44

Latin letter s. He

19:46

said the lower case has two. Different forms.

19:48

One yesterday and of words and another

19:51

used everywhere else. And then

19:53

also as you Hebrew letters that worth

19:55

the same way and that's so interesting.

19:58

And I'm sorry, but I can't. The your

20:00

question about what purpose having these

20:02

letters be different depending on their

20:04

positions serves in languages. I did

20:06

some searching but nothing I sound

20:09

seemed convincing to me. But thank

20:11

you for the interesting message and

20:13

good luck with your writing. And

20:16

next a listener named Ronnie from

20:18

Mastodon was intrigued by other listeners'

20:20

comments that the fast food chain

20:23

Rbs gets it's name than the

20:25

letters are and Be which everyone

20:27

seems to think stands for Roast

20:29

Beef. But Ronnie did some searching

20:32

and found that the name does

20:34

come from our be said those

20:36

letters originally stood for the Raffle

20:39

Brothers who were the founders Forest

20:41

and Leroy Rafol. It's

20:43

apparently a common misconceptions that

20:45

Rbs dance for roast beef.

20:48

And also it's a nice coincidence for

20:50

the brown. Finely

20:55

I have a family story from

20:57

a grammar. Apple is in name's

21:00

Linda. Hi Grandma

21:02

girl this as grownups Illusion Monday in

21:04

Iowa with the family story. It's

21:07

not our own word, but a different use

21:09

of a word. Years. Ago. My

21:11

best friend and I live together and we

21:13

shared several pets including two male dogs. And.

21:16

One day. The two dogs that

21:18

have been best buds. Suddenly. Decided

21:20

they hated each other and will get

21:22

into terrible fight if we let him

21:24

get together. So. We wanted to

21:26

keep both dogs so one dog will be locked

21:28

in a bedroom while the other one roam free.

21:30

And. They took turns on days when we went to

21:32

work as to who was in and who is out.

21:35

And when we came home. We. Would change

21:37

them. Every hour so we could spend

21:39

quality time with each dog. Inevitably,

21:42

the dog in the bedroom would

21:44

start to scratch on the door of

21:46

wine wanting out after about forty five

21:49

minutes, The. Had an excellent clock. Or.

21:51

With recently watched the movie The Music

21:54

Man. And there's a point in

21:56

the movie where Professor Cheryl Hill Pillsbury

21:58

in The Librarian that he'll. Meteor at

22:00

the footbridge and fifteen minutes. Till.

22:03

Instead of telling. The dog when he wanted

22:05

out that he had to wait fifteen minutes. We.

22:07

Would say you have to wait a footbridge.

22:10

And to this day we still use

22:12

footbridge to mean fifteen minutes. So.

22:15

I'll be home and a footbridge. Ah,

22:18

another thing we use. From the Music

22:20

Man, which a lot of people may

22:22

do. No. Matter what type of

22:24

delivery truck we see U P S

22:26

that x Amazon Prime we call all

22:29

of them the Wells Fargo Wagon particular

22:31

they're telling dar house bringing sensing. Enjoy

22:34

the podcast in all the tips you send.

22:36

it was grammar pollutions. Looking forward to more.

22:40

Think so much Linda for. Your support and

22:42

for sharing your family is you wanna

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share your family Act a word or

22:46

phrase. Your family and only your

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family uses call the voicemail line

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and eight three three two one

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for girl. And if your Grammar

22:55

Palooza subscriber like Linda you can

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also send a voice memo. I.

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Send text messages with fun facts a

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couple of times a week and answer

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questions is for ninety nine a month.

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It's a great way to support the

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sale. And the first two weeks you

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see season see if you like it. Sweet

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people that stories about the origin of the

23:15

words shrapnel. And Potter With has a

23:17

surprisingly religious or ten plus a link

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with a kid bush The Scripts National

23:21

Spelling Bee free. To. Sign

23:24

up visit doing subtext thought

23:26

com/grammar or tests. Hello to

23:28

Nine One Seven Five Four

23:30

Zero Zero Eight Seven Six.

23:32

Scammer. Girl is a quick

23:34

and dirty Tips podcast Things to

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Holly Hutchings in Digital Operations, Divina

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Tomlin in marketing, Smoking Christians and

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in advertising sneakers and Sam's in

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audio granting Get Director of Pie

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Cast and Cameron Lacy in marketing

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is started learning how to play

23:49

golf and I mean you're on

23:51

Saturday better known as Grammar Girl.

23:53

Remember to look for the shell

23:55

against Thursday when I have a

23:57

son interview with Ben Zimmer about

23:59

the. Hundredth Anniversary of the

24:01

crossword puzzle craze. You won't believe

24:03

what people used to say. About

24:06

crossword puzzles. That's

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