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number Stores or sleep number.com. On.

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Annual. Ah,

2:18

Target. Audiences only children. Not

2:21

his attitude. For

2:24

the family. And friends

2:26

and I saw a. Case I

2:28

say. Staring. At

2:31

him sir I see on the

2:34

overly height us to. Have

2:36

someone else. Really?

2:40

Have an infrared. Thing

2:43

we. Can we can assess you emails from

2:45

L D d Listen I think it's the

2:48

one person's is using a whole bunch of

2:50

different email chance or to visit a very

2:52

long list that we need to do another

2:54

podcast so we'll mcewen I in things because

2:56

a lot of episode my I'm. My.

3:00

Tagged list. Is. Getting too

3:02

long remove? Oh really? who from listen

3:04

to my oh yes. We

3:08

tend to what was started. Another this is the

3:10

I deserved but every month mutton I don't to

3:12

do a mailbag that we would you know I

3:14

did it would smoke go with my old man.

3:16

was it listen to my own personal my a

3:19

widow listen a male absurd where will ensure Nine

3:21

and two know who that is as part of

3:23

them. As part

3:25

of the listener mile kill thanks for

3:27

clarifying if you ask is the question

3:30

since in a mountie boss wants a

3:32

team of.com or you can go to

3:34

our website stopped him at Doctor mark.com

3:36

that I use and you can send

3:38

us an email from there and will

3:40

answer questions on an episode us as

3:43

possible because I sunlight is it not

3:45

a short shorts weight which is hell

3:47

on skis he described by my friends.

3:49

Ah a made up if today's is

3:51

delete your. You

3:53

have been described as a. He

3:56

we got a slow eccentrics. What?

3:58

Does that mean. I'm like

4:01

my biceps when I do else a

4:03

try slow not enter skirts or which

4:05

allows which because you didn't like supposed

4:07

to present well could you did forget

4:09

that? I think on our last episodes

4:11

about. Doing always centric

4:13

Daedalus than I thought that

4:15

some jet, well slower centric

4:18

at some S. I think

4:20

that's pretty good. Anyone

4:22

Today. Ah, I mean, I did

4:24

it. And today's

4:27

topic Amina Pip today's took two

4:29

minutes. Yes, Mean

4:31

I get the day's amino pip today's

4:33

would he know about this? To her

4:35

me may not know anything about it

4:37

itself just from hearing enzymes are totally

4:40

either that eyes sue me. Either way

4:42

as a I say okay that tells

4:44

use an endless. Pet

4:46

died. So maybe it has

4:48

a job of extending the peptide.

4:51

Same with amino acids. I

4:56

mean, a break in today's breaks about

4:58

Aca? Yes, This

5:00

is why like to think about it

5:03

when we have our macro nutrients which

5:05

are. Ah, The

5:09

cobs. It's beautiful. Ah, if

5:11

I were to break carbs

5:13

up. What? Are we falling?

5:15

Ah, Monosaccharide. Six six soft

5:18

ice and was as good

5:20

as yep. Perfect. Ah well,

5:22

that's that's a breakfast and.

5:25

Fatty acids and was wrong side

5:27

of the smells components us what

5:29

about protects. Minutes. It's

5:32

beautiful. Such proteins, unlike

5:34

those others, are made

5:36

up of. In

5:38

a while like a babushka know about was

5:40

going to have another nice. So

5:43

those Russian also sounds as the to was

5:45

a boost his grandmother's and s so it's

5:47

that don't that looks like a grandmother way.

5:50

It unclear that the wise and on is

5:52

another little one inside and could plant novel

5:54

that one or cats to Britain's.really with other

5:56

in the sense that. proteins

5:59

are space really complex

6:01

three-dimensional. Think

6:03

about them not as a babushka doll but as

6:05

a ball of yarn. That's probably a better

6:07

way of thinking of proteins. If

6:10

you want to, let's just say you eat

6:12

a delicious cheeseburger and you want

6:14

the amino acids that make up the proteins,

6:17

you can't just chip

6:19

them up with these molecular

6:21

scissors that we have enzymes

6:24

called proteases and peptidases. Proteases

6:27

break up big proteins, peptidases

6:29

just break up the smaller

6:31

peptides which are just

6:34

smaller proteins basically. It's

6:37

really hard to do that when they're folded

6:39

in what we call their quaternary and tertiary

6:41

structures. When they're folded in upon themselves or

6:44

even bound to other proteins. These molecular scissors

6:46

like proteases and peptidases, they're not very good

6:48

at chipping it up. You need to unravel

6:50

them and so in order to unravel a

6:52

protein, the term we use is denaturation. This

6:55

often occurs when you expose the protein

6:58

to acidic environment or heat. It's the

7:00

same thing. For

7:03

example, when you digest egg white which is

7:06

made up of protein, it's likely

7:09

when it's exposed to the acid in your stomach, going

7:11

to turn white. What

7:13

happens when you expose egg white to

7:15

a fry pan? It goes white. That's

7:18

because the protein has been denatured and therefore its

7:20

structure is changing. Is that why

7:23

this is the side point we mentioned bringing

7:25

up eggs? When people cook,

7:29

what's the egg where it's

7:34

boiled in water but poached

7:36

and you try to get

7:38

it together in one glob?

7:40

I've heard some people put

7:43

it with vinegar. Because

7:45

it denatures it immediately and

7:48

keeps it in one blob. That's always what I've

7:50

thought. If you add the vinegar, it's going to

7:52

denature the outside of it which holds it in

7:54

together because it's denatured and becomes more hard

7:56

and more solidified. of

8:00

clumpy, goodness. And then the water should

8:02

be able to evenly do the rest,

8:04

denature the rest of the egg. Look

8:06

at that, using biology and chemistry to

8:09

make sense of how you

8:11

have your eggs in the morning. That's right,

8:13

call me Gordon Ramsay mainly because I swear at you

8:15

all the time. So alright,

8:18

we need when we ingest that delicious

8:20

cheeseburger for example firstly we

8:23

need something that can unravel the proteins

8:25

and that's the acid in our stomach

8:28

but then we need the enzymes that can chop it up. When

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so once our stomach

9:37

has unfolded the proteins

9:39

and these proteins are then moved

9:41

on into our small intestines, once

9:45

in the small intestines particularly the very

9:47

first part, what's the cycle? The

9:49

small part of the intestine? Yeah the very first part of the

9:51

small intestine. What's the next part? Dejunum.

9:55

Then? Okay beautiful. So

9:57

the duodenum, Once

10:00

the denatured or unfolded protein, so the

10:02

ball of yarn is stretched out now,

10:04

or unraveled I should say, in

10:06

the duodenum, enzymes are now

10:09

released from both the small intestines

10:11

but also the pancreas, squirts enzymes in.

10:13

And these enzymes are made up of

10:16

proteases and

10:18

peptidases. Okay. Right? And

10:21

so the proteases will break down the

10:23

bigger ones and the peptidases like this

10:25

amino peptidase will break down the smaller

10:27

ones. So amino peptidases, the way they

10:29

specifically do it is they target smaller

10:32

peptides and snap off amino

10:34

acids from the N-terminus. What

10:38

does that mean to you, N-terminus? The

10:40

amino end. Which is, is

10:43

it the front end or the back end? Oh, it's the front

10:45

end. Oh, it's 50-50 for you. I

10:47

don't know what back or front is in relation

10:50

to that. Well, there's an N-terminus and

10:52

a C-terminus, right? The N-terminus is usually

10:54

what we call the front part

10:56

of the polypeptide chain. We

11:00

designate that, it is

11:03

meaningless outside of the fact

11:05

that it gives us a reference of biologicals.

11:07

Right. So they're not actually in front

11:09

or front. Yeah, of course it

11:11

was. So what the amino peptidase does

11:13

is it snaps off amino acids from

11:15

the N-terminus which then releases

11:18

amino acids and now we can absorb

11:20

those amino acids through the small intestines

11:23

into the bloodstream and we can utilize

11:25

those amino acids to build proteins. So

11:29

this is the opposite of a marriage

11:31

celebratory. It does the divorce in. Yes,

11:35

which would be a divorce lawyer.

11:38

So maybe the amino peptidase is the divorce

11:40

lawyer of the body. Finalise

11:42

in separation. However,

11:45

this would be polygamous relationships because

11:47

there's many amino acids involved

11:49

here. What's

11:51

the medical relevance of knowing this? Disregulation

11:54

of amino peptidases can

11:57

result in a multitude of issues.

11:59

So is this only in the intestines?

12:01

No. So cells would do this as

12:03

well? Yeah I mean it's even inside

12:06

cells so there's amino peptidases inside. So

12:08

like macrophages and stuff would they do

12:10

that? Cells do a lot of digels. Lysosomes

12:14

they're in the cytoplasm they're

12:16

in the mitochondria so

12:18

but they're also released from the

12:20

small intestines and also the stomach.

12:23

Okay so it can happen elsewhere

12:25

in the body not just for digestion? Correct.

12:28

So if you have a think about it our

12:31

primary use would be digestion so that

12:34

we can absorb them for uses building

12:36

blocks to make other proteins. But

12:38

if you have a think about for example the mitochondria you

12:40

go why would we need one within the mitochondria? Well

12:43

we know that the Krebs cycle for example

12:46

is the heart of biochemistry and

12:48

we use amino acids in the Krebs

12:51

cycle to produce energy. So

12:53

if we've got amino acids but they're

12:55

locked up with other amino acids we

12:57

might need an amino peptidase there to

12:59

snap them off so that we've now

13:01

freed amino acids that we can feed into the Krebs

13:04

cycle. And also isn't just most

13:06

of the proteins in the mitochondria

13:08

are made within the

13:10

nucleus or not the nucleus but within

13:12

the DNA of the mitochondria anyway right?

13:15

So it kind of creates its own proteins

13:18

for its own self? Well it creates

13:20

its own functional proteins but it doesn't

13:22

create but remember the

13:25

proteins it creates it needs to pull

13:28

from amino acids from somewhere. So we

13:30

don't know these amino acids aren't necessarily

13:32

you know to create a de novo.

13:34

I mean some are synthesised

13:36

in the body. But I wonder whether the mitochondria

13:39

to a certain degree can

13:41

recycle those proteins to make

13:44

more proteins for its own self? I would

13:46

say there would be a degree of that absolutely

13:48

yes but those proteins could also feed into like

13:50

I said the Krebs cycle. because

13:53

we can use amino acids within our of

14:00

these amino peptidases, if

14:02

you go into the literature, you'll

14:05

see every disease has implicate

14:07

cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune

14:10

disorders, which makes sense

14:12

because if you've got problems with being

14:14

able to break down your proteins into

14:16

amino acids, then one,

14:19

you're not gonna have the amino acids

14:21

available for production of other proteins. Two,

14:23

we can't shuttle them into things like

14:25

the Krebs cycle. And

14:29

it depends on the amino peptidase. You

14:32

got endo and exo

14:36

depending on where they chop. Exo

14:38

peptidases are gonna chop from the outside in,

14:40

like these amino peptidases. We can have endo

14:42

peptidases that'll just trip somewhere in

14:44

the middle of the protein. Randomly.

14:46

Well, not necessarily, I wouldn't say randomly.

14:49

They're usually targeted to a chain or

14:51

a specific amino acid. Yeah,

14:53

they usually have some affinity to a

14:55

type of bond between them or

14:58

a type of amino acid that's bonded to another. But

15:01

yeah, overall, this

15:03

is the amino peptidases.

15:06

The top.