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Claim. This offer. At

1:01

Douglas.see A/canada Land.

1:09

So. Do you think the drive and. Others

1:13

like the gothic. Around

1:20

it was. Quite

1:22

something when you kind of turning the

1:24

corner and the little little town kind

1:26

of opens up in front of you

1:28

the harbor. There. Back.

1:31

In February, commons producer Jordan Cornish

1:33

and I flew out to St.

1:35

John's Newfoundland than gotten a cab

1:37

and drove to a tiny out

1:40

port on the Avalon Peninsula called

1:42

Petty Harbor. His.

1:44

It's only half an hour drive from

1:46

St. John's Petty Harbor is a popular

1:48

tourist destination the summer. But.

1:50

February isn't exactly tourist.

1:53

Season so it felt like we had

1:55

the whole place to ourselves. A

1:58

Even now the man was expecting

2:00

it. The windy as hell, but

2:02

it's perfectly com. Gorgeous.

2:06

Haven imagine with with like in the summertime.

2:09

Now. Petty

2:14

Harbor is a community. That nestled by

2:16

large round hills. It's. Namesake

2:18

Harbors is a narrow stretch of water

2:20

shaped kind of like a lobster claw

2:23

that bisects the community that topic in

2:25

a town is built around. It's worth.

2:28

A. Long stretch of you shape

2:30

tasks that are surrounded by white

2:32

and primary colored clapboard buildings and

2:35

fisherman's sheds. It's

2:37

probably what you're picturing when you think

2:39

of a fishing community atlantic and. It

2:47

really does. Yes, it does. Have

2:51

A! I can see why so

2:53

many is fishing stories dark and

2:56

petty harvest Why people pick this

2:58

place. Closing: Awesome! We picked the

3:00

reason we were there. Is

3:03

a get Petty Harbor has for hundreds

3:05

of years been a fishing community. And.

3:07

We'd come to talk to some

3:09

fishermen i as this is our

3:11

sheath from candle and I think

3:14

we're here but we don't see

3:16

or your sex act. And Bernard.

3:18

Martin has been a fisherman his whole life.

3:24

As race. Or.

3:28

Age or it and is your durden yeah

3:30

as they say, s. Bernard

3:33

who's entering his seventies. The tall,

3:35

softspoken man would pale blue eyes

3:37

and we be white hair. Is

3:40

born in Teddy Harbor and he's

3:42

seen his community go through many

3:44

changes. A man when I was

3:47

a child, that was it was

3:49

different for sewer absence of all

3:51

these words around the edges, around

3:53

sides. Was all

3:55

and as he showing us around bird points

3:57

across the inlet to the other side of

3:59

town. Historically yes, the

4:01

North Side with someone that

4:03

knows Catholics. Oh, and this

4:05

side with the proudest Anglican

4:07

Church of England and over.

4:11

Bernard is a member of the

4:13

Pity Harbor Fisherman's Cohen. We just

4:15

celebrated it's fortieth anniversary. One

4:18

of the very few fish harvester cooperatives

4:20

in the province. Bernard.

4:22

Gives a tour of they're building. A

4:26

nurse my ass. oh this

4:28

used to be to find

4:30

floor the so how's this

4:32

for Boston Hunter was. On.

4:35

Her. The. Gordon

4:38

Brown hair and post always thought

4:40

that looks like like us and

4:42

and him. Well you'd have people

4:45

working here in shifts. Ah, there

4:47

would be like one hundred people

4:49

employed south seasonally. Yeah, and are

4:51

they would All work shifts know

4:54

be solicitors. Zola. hands out on

4:56

my hands are mostly. Back.

4:59

When it was first formed there

5:01

was one fish that everyone went

5:03

after. It. Scientific name is

5:05

Gaddis More have. But. It's

5:07

better known to most people. As the

5:10

Atlantic Cod. Cod fishing is

5:12

wouldn't Newfoundland was built. The.

5:14

Industry the lifeblood for new some land

5:16

Labrador for five hundred years as it

5:19

evolved from a colony to an independent

5:21

nation and into a Canadian province. There's.

5:24

A reason that we're used to be

5:26

a busy plant floor is no longer

5:28

act. Because. In Nineteen Ninety

5:30

Two, The. Federal government announced

5:32

a total moratorium on fishing

5:35

the northern caught. All.

5:37

At once forty thousand people were put

5:39

out of work. And. Entire

5:41

industry and way of life.

5:44

Was. Destroyed. The. Was

5:46

a huge a shock to just

5:48

to the fishery and then society

5:50

in general. I mean with new

5:53

from landis fisheries everybody knows fishery.

5:55

Everybody's connected some way or another.

5:57

So was a huge social function.

6:00

The shock of. Gin Thornhill Vermont

6:02

is a journalist who grew up in

6:04

a small airport communities a Newfoundland South

6:06

Shore. And she's the author

6:09

of Cod Collapsed The rise and

6:11

Fall of Newfoundland Salt Water Cowboys.

6:13

And. She says it's hard to overstate how

6:16

enormous of a blow the closure of

6:18

the cod fishery was. I

6:23

mean the first thing I tell people is

6:26

that this was the largest single day mass

6:28

layoffs in Canadian history. And so

6:30

when you see the number is, it

6:32

doesn't necessarily resonates. Thirty thousand, forty thousand,

6:34

some of set up to sixty thousand.

6:36

And I mean I don't doubt it

6:38

because you had entire communities close down.

6:41

those are mostly fissures, a lot of

6:43

plant workers, but if that had happened

6:45

in Ontario, that would have been the

6:47

equivalent of seven hundred thousand workers lost

6:49

their job over. It was also a

6:51

death blow to oh, poor communities. And

6:55

people from petty Harbors tried to warn

6:57

the rest of the province in the

6:59

country about the coming to task for.

7:02

People. Like Bernard Marks. But.

7:05

Their calls were ignored. The.

7:08

Collapse of Newfoundland Card is

7:10

a story of man made

7:12

environmental calamity turning into economic

7:15

devastation. It fundamentally reshape

7:17

the lots of the tens of thousands

7:19

of people who worked in the fishery.

7:22

It's. A story of a government ignoring

7:24

the knowledge of working people. In.

7:27

Favor of the so called

7:29

expertise of industry to disastrous

7:31

effect. But. This

7:33

isn't just history. It's

7:36

prophecy. It's. A vision

7:38

of what may com in industries across

7:40

this country and around the globe. We

7:42

continue to ignore the ecological limits of

7:44

this planet in the pursuit of profit.

7:48

To for the next three episodes

7:50

were didn't bring you the story

7:52

of the Cod collapse in Newfoundland

7:54

and Labrador. how we let and

7:56

industries that lasted five hundred years

7:58

fall apart in the space have

8:00

a few decades. How

8:02

large corporate monopolies took advantage

8:04

of that environmental disaster. And

8:07

what happens to all the workers and

8:09

communities who are left to pick up

8:11

the pieces? I

8:15

marshy man and this is

8:18

comments. More. After

8:20

the break out on.

8:25

The. Services brought you in part by Rom

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A/candle and a claim this offer

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that is Douglas.c A/canada Last. Saturday

10:36

evening, the news was expected, but that

10:38

didn't make it any less devastating. For

10:40

at least the next two years, much

10:43

of Newfoundland will lose a way of

10:45

life that the moratorium on fishing for

10:47

Northern caught a band that will affect

10:49

about twenty thousand people, and that the

10:52

backbone of the Atlantic fishery. And I

10:54

are so many are willing to go with

10:56

me. We support our and on that dark.

10:59

It was a call to action. Since two.

11:02

Thousand and Eight or Not,

11:04

but as a date with

11:06

As and. With that storm, the

11:09

doors of Zone Cross. This new. Doing.

11:14

Or. Security. Guards

11:17

lock the doors of friends. It would cost

11:19

of health. Just.

11:23

Inside the system is minister tried to ignore

11:25

the banks and explain why he just sat

11:27

down to four hundred year. Old Fishery

11:30

or making a decision based on

11:32

the desire to ensure that the

11:34

northern some survives as a species.

11:38

The. Cod Moratorium is easily the most

11:40

significant events in the history of

11:42

Newfoundland and Labrador since it joined

11:44

Confederation. Because. The surge of

11:46

anger among the thousands of fishing

11:48

families for a misery by the

11:50

collapse of cod stocks. But. At

11:53

the time the moratorium was announced, Ninety Ninety

11:55

Two. There. Was still considerable debate

11:57

about what had caused the card to

11:59

disappear. Wouldn't. The colder than expected

12:01

weather. Had. The card migrated

12:03

somewhere else. Jen. Thornhill

12:06

Verma says that we now have

12:08

a pretty definitive answer. Scientists.

12:10

Now now on a quizzically that. What

12:13

led to the cause history collapse

12:15

is overfishing. This. Part

12:17

of the Northwest Atlantic has

12:20

hosted iconic fisheries for centuries.

12:23

And. At the time

12:25

of industrialization, You. Have some

12:27

of the biggest fishing fleets says saying

12:29

this small part of the world and

12:32

the grand scheme of things. And

12:34

it was just the wild.

12:36

West on the Grand Banks and the

12:38

Northwest Atlantic. Ocean. And.

12:41

In many ways, we still haven't recovered from

12:43

that. I think leading up

12:45

to the cops history collapse, it's

12:47

interesting as you look at government

12:50

documents and there was continuous bailouts

12:52

of the fishery because then as

12:54

now and ministry is a major

12:57

contributor to. The. Economy.

12:59

And. I don't think that everyone saw

13:01

the writing on the wall because

13:04

these this had been harvested at

13:06

alarming rates for years and years

13:08

and years. And to think that

13:10

a collapse was possible. It

13:12

just wasn't something that that resonated and

13:15

so you know it sounds like a

13:17

like i'm an eleventh hour decision to

13:19

close the cod fishery. In many ways

13:21

it was. And yeah, I

13:23

interviewed fishers who said the day

13:25

that the cod fishery claps happened.

13:28

They've. Got dozens of traps out in

13:30

the Northwest Atlantic that they'll then spend

13:32

the next week or so collecting. They.

13:34

Had no idea it was another day for them. But.

13:37

To understand has such an apparently sudden

13:39

collapse could take place, we need to

13:41

know little bit more about the history

13:44

of cod fishing in Newfoundland. Since.

13:48

John Cabot first came ashore to Newfoundland

13:51

and Fourteen Ninety Seven. The. Grand

13:53

Banks off the Islands coast have been

13:55

one of the most productive fishing grounds

13:57

in the world. For

13:59

century. The British, Portuguese, Spanish, and

14:01

French fishermen would come to New

14:03

Finland to catch the prized fish.

14:06

The. Card would be salted so wouldn't go

14:09

bad and it was shipped off to

14:11

Europe, the Caribbean, South America in West

14:13

Africa. The cod stocks

14:15

were seemingly inexhaustible. And

14:18

as the centuries progressed, fishermen deployed

14:21

new technologies to catch more card

14:23

ever faster. Well, there's

14:25

a number of major factors that

14:27

led to the cod collapse. Technology

14:29

is by far the most important.

14:32

In. The eighteen hundreds cod traps, scenes

14:34

and gill nets came on of

14:36

the scenes. Substantially increase in catches.

14:39

In the early nineteen hundreds, steamers

14:41

took over the sale powered schooners

14:43

and the invention of refrigeration made

14:46

it possible to delivers fresh, unsalted,

14:48

caught to ever more discerning customers.

14:51

But. The biggest technological innovation of all

14:53

would come in the nineteen fifties.

14:56

It. Would lead to the full

14:58

industrialization of this previously artisan

15:01

craft. The. Factory Freezer

15:03

crawling. My.

15:07

Name is Ryan. Sorry, I guess you could

15:10

call me right now a fisheries activist. From

15:13

my perspective, it wasn't the ensure fishery

15:15

it was under the headline it wasn't

15:17

a fisherman out in a small boat.

15:19

What a handle on catching cod. That's

15:22

obviously not what led to the collapse

15:24

of the world's biggest card stock. It

15:26

was overfishing in terms of factory freezer

15:28

trawlers, These monster. Draggers.

15:30

That literally dragged here on the

15:33

ocean floor. And. They

15:35

vacuum up every bit a ground

15:37

fish caught. You. Name and. We.

15:40

Spoke to Ryan at his home in St.

15:42

John's. And when I asked him

15:44

to describes what one of those factory

15:46

freezer trawlers looked like, he immediately walked

15:49

over to his bookshelves which were overflowing

15:51

with books on Newfoundland history. Picked one

15:53

up. And. Read: adequate, This

15:56

is and for notion the collapse of the Ladder

15:58

cod fishery to crime story by Michael. Harris.

16:01

Here. We go The beginning of the end of

16:03

the Northern Card Arrived in Nineteen Fifty Four in

16:05

the form of the British ship, The Fair Try.

16:08

To. Three million dollar vessel was the first factor

16:10

freeze a trawler in the world. These.

16:12

Huge stern trawlers complete with onboard

16:14

processing plants enable their owners to

16:16

triple their card catch even with

16:18

annual operating costs of four point

16:21

five million dollars apiece. Their.

16:23

Enormous processing capacity of the six

16:25

hundred tons of fish predates made

16:27

them floating gold mines. Now.

16:30

Wants you to think about just how

16:32

much biomass six hundred tons of fish

16:34

is. That's. Just for a

16:37

single trawler in a single day.

16:39

The. Effect of these new floating

16:42

industrial behemoths was immediate. Between.

16:45

Nineteen Sixty Nineteen. Seventy five more fish had

16:47

been harvested in that period. And the two hundred

16:49

and fifty or period, Fifteen hundred. To seventeen

16:51

Fifty. I mean, that is absolutely

16:53

attributable. To. Industrialization,

16:56

These. Factory trawlers work in the

16:58

offshore fishery hundreds of miles off

17:00

the coast of Newfoundland and far

17:02

further out than everyday. Canadian fishermen

17:04

ply their trade. Inshore fishers

17:07

when out into the water, primarily in

17:09

the summertime when the cod would migrate

17:11

and closer to the coasts. The

17:13

offshore trawlers. meanwhile they could

17:15

fishy around. And they'd

17:17

gauged in fishing practices that

17:20

today are considered unsavory, if

17:22

not outright destructive. There

17:26

is high grade. It. That's on

17:28

smaller fish are thrown overboard dead so

17:30

that larger fish could be caught in

17:32

an extract. There's pulse fishing.

17:35

If a ship from particular country found a

17:37

sizable school of fish, it would call over

17:39

the rest of the fleet and they would

17:42

see should all until it was completely dried

17:44

up. Sometimes. As many as

17:46

fifty factory trawlers would descend on a

17:48

single location. And. By the

17:51

nineteen seventies, it was almost entirely

17:53

foreign own fleets that worked deep

17:55

offshore and the Grand Banks. Portuguese.

17:58

West and East German. British.

18:00

Spanish, American and Soviet ships

18:02

extracted an almost unimaginable amount

18:05

of card out of the

18:07

ocean. Alongside technologies, these

18:09

foreign fleets constituted a second

18:11

major cause of the caught

18:13

caught. Because here's an important thing

18:16

to remember: No. Individual country

18:18

has jurisdiction over the High Seas.

18:21

Over the twentieth century, country slowly

18:23

started to assert sovereignty over increasingly

18:25

large parts of the waters off

18:27

their posts. Nineteen Seventy

18:30

Seven Canada claimed a two hundred

18:32

mile birth. Were still sits today.

18:35

The. Only problem is that cod.

18:38

Is a migratory species. An

18:40

arbitrary line on a maps doesn't mean anything

18:42

to a school of codfish. We.

18:45

Got the two hundred mile limit and nineteen

18:47

seventy seven. But. Leading up to

18:49

the establishment of the To on a

18:51

Mile and which was wonderful it was

18:53

a group and Newfoundland and Labrador that

18:55

said establishment two hundred mile limit is

18:57

not enough. It has go out to

18:59

the edge of the continental shelf because

19:01

are caught know shelf pulls out beyond

19:03

two hundred miles. Everybody thought when they

19:05

brought into Twenty Mile Limit that it

19:07

would be a panacea for the Canadian

19:09

fishery. After she would would take off

19:11

the stocks will be protected. they would

19:13

grow. We will be a world leader

19:15

in our fisheries, but that's not what

19:17

happened. The Canadian fleets

19:19

did gear up. Offshore sectors did

19:22

gear up. But by then

19:24

the stocks had declined to such a point

19:26

that there was no turning them around. It.

19:32

Was into this environment that Bernard Martin who

19:34

you heard from at the top of the

19:36

episode first began to fish on alone. He'd.

19:39

First, seriously started fishing and pay harbors

19:41

when he turned eighteen and nineteen seventy

19:43

two. Was. Is a few

19:46

years I was a in a

19:48

partnership me at our own. Around

19:50

Bolton's we use Todd Dr. Seuss

19:52

this is lobster with this Sam

19:54

and. Round. Nineteen Eighty Four

19:56

years been. Went on my own

19:59

and became. Just wished alone for

20:01

a number of years I am on and

20:03

God. The. Fishermen and petty

20:05

harbor had voted to ban the

20:07

use of invasive fishing techniques, relying

20:10

instead on a more traditional handling

20:12

method. It's. A line with a

20:14

jigger and they beat it with a K plan.

20:17

So. In a the premise of that

20:19

is that the fish only by when they're

20:21

hungry as well. So it it helps to

20:23

promote a sustainable fishery. Not leaving gear

20:25

in the water, you're taking it all with you when.

20:27

You go. The intention is if you've

20:29

got one line and the water, you're

20:31

only catching One says if you have

20:33

gillnets in the water. Then you're

20:35

going to have a much higher yield. So Hamline

20:37

is a one hook for one of this model.

20:40

It. gives hi effort, For. Low

20:42

yield, Whereas. Gillnet. it offers

20:44

low effort to high yield. So really

20:46

interesting that Petty Harbor. Fishermen.

20:49

Came. Together and said. We. Know

20:51

you can catch more with gillnets but we

20:53

also want to continue. Fishing for the

20:56

future. Bernard. Says

20:58

that he enjoyed the solitude out in the

21:00

water with only a line and stand. Garlic.

21:03

To Freedom in the early I'm on his

21:05

own. the wanted Minnesota work to get up

21:07

early and software and hope for the verse.

21:10

I mean I might consider myself an

21:12

average fisherman. Was under there was lots

21:14

you guys who are. Your. Superlative

21:17

when the game to catch some fish

21:19

but yeah was no sorta gets into

21:21

your blog and I didn't really want

21:24

to do anything else. But.

21:26

After only a few years on his own, Bernard.

21:28

Realize that something was wrong with the

21:31

fish. Fish. Were getting smaller

21:33

and smaller harder to catch fish were

21:35

shown up later and season normally in

21:37

on it circuit and fisher and may

21:39

or early June and them said didn't

21:42

push back towards the end of June

21:44

them and into July people were wait

21:46

for fees to come in. sorry but

21:48

I knew there were some sir is

21:50

going on. In the

21:53

years immediately following the imposition of

21:55

the two hundred mile limit, many

21:57

Newfoundland businesses and fishermen were expecting

21:59

a banana. That. They figure

22:01

that since the foreign trawlers had reduced

22:03

access, their time had come. But.

22:06

There were a number of problems with the. First.

22:08

The Federal government still provided access

22:10

to foreign trawlers to the Canadian

22:12

zones, often as a diplomatic or

22:14

trade concessions. And more

22:16

importantly, Canadian businesses and fisherman's

22:19

had geared up significantly in

22:21

order to fight for a

22:23

bigger piece of the cod

22:25

market. So that for

22:27

an effort was replaced with and

22:29

few years by a pretty much

22:31

of Canadian fleet of fishing boats

22:33

that would or fish for Todd

22:35

specifically. So. They would be

22:38

fishing in the wintertime during the

22:40

spawning season when cod stocks were

22:42

concentrated in specific areas and very

22:44

dense schools as far as I

22:46

understand and this is one the

22:49

draggers some did most or fishing.

22:51

I. Mean a lot of us were looking at? does? Seem.

22:54

To move can't be good. After.

22:56

All as young, card or caught before

22:58

they can spot A won't be long

23:00

until we start running out. Catches.

23:03

Were getting smaller, people had

23:05

to invest in more gear.

23:07

More. Nets If they were fishing

23:09

nets. More contracts, Open line. People

23:12

like ourselves, we had to spend

23:14

more more time and water to

23:16

catch smaller amounts of fish. So

23:18

of that's not a warning sign

23:21

at on the autism and everybody's

23:23

pretty sure that things were served.

23:25

It's collapse, even by you know,

23:28

Nineteen Eighties, Five Eighty Six, Everybody.

23:31

That is except for the Department

23:33

of Fisheries and Oceans, the Federal

23:35

government agencies that decides the fishing

23:37

quotas for every year. The.

23:39

Relationship between the Dfl and Sick from

23:42

it has often been strained. And

23:45

now even to this day where you got a

23:47

D A folks A in St. John's in a

23:49

White Hills is basically a fortress over there to

23:51

fishermen. can't just walk up the deal for Wales

23:53

a game you do in Ottawa. you did walk

23:56

up to be a fall and in a you

23:58

might have to go to a security. Here

24:00

you gotta go to a gate at

24:02

and a security guard. The have an

24:05

advance appointment to it to get in

24:07

so they're fortified up there and there's

24:09

a separation between the Fo management. And.

24:12

Decision on the ground assessment on

24:14

the water. During. The

24:16

Nineteen eighties the Atlantic City went through

24:18

number of crises. But. The one thing

24:20

that the Federal government was utterly certain about.

24:23

That. There are plenty of fish. Quote.

24:25

Although. The industry as many problems. a shortage

24:28

of fish is not one of them.

24:30

Read. One Nineteen Eighty Three report in

24:32

particular. The. Scientists at the

24:35

Dfl largely relied on the couch

24:37

rates from the enormous industrial trawlers,

24:39

reporting that they were having no

24:41

trouble catching caught. That. Will

24:44

certainly skews the conditioner the state of

24:46

Zoc speech as with the technology that

24:48

had those cats race would say hi.

24:50

They would say hi until the stocks

24:53

were at the brink of collapse. They

24:55

still has I catch rates. That.

24:57

Wasn't really a very good way to measure

24:59

the health of the Sox are in. If.

25:02

The ensure fishermen reporter that they were catching

25:04

far fewer card and the few fish that.

25:06

They did catch were much smaller.

25:08

Well that just wasn't science. Our.

25:11

Argument from our and was a wealth.

25:13

Were. Seen this happening. smaller fish.

25:16

Of doing use more dare to

25:18

cut smaller amounts of this was

25:21

all anecdotal information. That's the way

25:23

it was received by the a

25:25

vote I wouldn't say was completely

25:27

dismissed, but it certainly took second

25:30

place to for example the i'm

25:32

not sure trawler catch rates for

25:34

sure. Some. Of the

25:36

arguments A D S O scientists made

25:39

works specious, verging on absurd. Up.

25:41

Until the mid nineteen nineties, the

25:43

department's official position was that there

25:45

is no evidence that fishing on

25:47

spawning grounds had a negative impact

25:50

on fish populations. The. Only issue.

25:52

No. One had ever studied the question. So.

25:55

Even though common sense said that

25:57

this. Was probably a part of the problem.

25:59

The. Deal. They refused to ban the practice.

26:02

Ensure. Fishermen were getting increasingly frustrated

26:04

and they felt like they had

26:06

to do something. They

26:08

formed an advocacy group called The

26:10

New Someone Ensure Fisheries Organization or

26:12

Nice Us in an attempt to

26:14

get the government and the media

26:16

to listen to what fishermen themselves

26:18

we're seeing. In. The mid

26:21

nineties, Nisa commissioned an independent report

26:23

on fish populations using D F

26:25

O's own data and found that

26:27

stocks were dropping. And fast.

26:30

But. The Dfl they brushed aside.

26:32

That. One point they tried to take

26:35

a D F O to court for.

26:37

Mismanaging. The fisheries basically.

26:40

and they're specifically allowing.

26:42

Fishing. And spawning grounds during the

26:44

winter months and that didn't go

26:47

anywhere. The end result was

26:49

a the court found that it

26:51

was the burden of proof was

26:53

on never to prove sat there

26:55

was her main down to the

26:57

to the stops necessity industry is

26:59

a big offshore companies had to

27:01

prove that it was okay. Even.

27:05

Bernard Martin's a self described introvert

27:07

who preferred the silence of his

27:09

own fishing boat. Decided. That he

27:11

needed to do something. I started

27:13

to was speak out and I got

27:15

more and more. Requests.

27:18

To go here ago they are do interviews

27:20

he would go and sit with a group

27:22

of people learn in are rumors. That

27:25

auditory or something and other. And

27:27

talk about the collapse of the

27:29

concepts. Bernard. Had

27:31

participated in a fishery exchange with Nicaragua

27:33

and he spoke about how to import

27:35

some of their more sustainable fishing practices.

27:38

He didn't entire cross. Canada Tour

27:40

with other environmentalists were trying to

27:42

make connections with what or otherwise

27:44

viewed as disparate struggles. By.

27:47

The late nineties, the Dfl had

27:49

finally realize that something was very

27:51

wrong with caught population. But.

27:54

Despite that, The. Minister of

27:56

Fisheries was reluctant to dramatically lower

27:58

the quota theory. Why spread social

28:00

chaos on the East coast? If.

28:03

They had done something then. There's. A

28:05

good chance the card population could

28:07

have rebounded. But. By the

28:09

time that the politicians were finally

28:12

listening to Bernard Martin, another fishermen.

28:14

It. Was too. Late. Glenn.

28:18

Winslow first started fishing because of

28:20

last. But. Not the love of

28:22

fishing. Mary's. Got me into

28:24

the fishery my yeah my voice solder was

28:27

a fisherman and as allianz of this nine

28:29

the goldfish or with him and. That.

28:31

Was back in nineteen eighty family.

28:34

He. Went to the marine institutes and then went to

28:36

go work on a drag or for a year.

28:39

He. Did not enjoy it. Back.

28:41

Then when you're young and you're not you're said

28:43

a lot or and Europe during the winter months

28:45

as a safari. Noise is now very comfortable. so

28:47

and then you're down and of Album was a

28:49

self. Didn't. Like this. But.

28:51

He kept at it. They. Just grow into me

28:54

and then went Once you get added for a certain

28:56

amount of time. You start to look

28:58

for it, you get away from it from a

29:00

little bit I knew and don't get me wrong

29:02

concert on be likes to get away from Sulfur

29:05

little Bit for Danger starts the line for it

29:07

and can't wait to get own again and and

29:09

as what's season his vision is a is away

29:11

life and is an addiction when she gets her

29:14

when she gets open. By.

29:16

The late nineteen eighties glenn notice of the

29:18

Cod were few and far between. Right off

29:20

of St. John's. So. He and

29:22

his crew started to go further afield. Member.

29:25

For some will say jones we actually had what

29:27

was called St Mary's bay and and even up

29:29

there we had do like that leads to block

29:31

the morning it out cause we had to get

29:34

were to fish was at instead steam for probably

29:36

three hours to get you nowhere fish were hanging

29:38

out I guess if is a. Seem

29:40

like you're of own further and further all

29:42

the time to get interface. But.

29:45

One is an adaptable guy. You.

29:47

Get a bigger boat, a long line, or the

29:49

was able to go fully offshore. And

29:52

at that time we had a forty

29:54

foot long liner and I remember the

29:56

first trip. Roommate has a Virgin Rocks

29:58

which was ninety miles off and. We

30:00

fill er up with fish. But. Glenn

30:02

was feeling good about the future. He. Was

30:04

investing in better and better technology and his

30:07

catch rates were going up because of that.

30:09

So. By the early nineteen nineties, he felt like

30:11

the time had come to put some real

30:14

money down. We. Had to get a

30:16

no vote. A bigger boat Know we

30:18

made a sizable investment. We. Took

30:20

possession of it actually in Nineteen

30:22

Ninety One. We started our on

30:24

August Nineteen Ninety One and in

30:26

May. Couple weeks before more

30:29

time with the possession. Over. Glenn's.

30:31

Timing couldn't be worse. By.

30:34

Ninety Ninety One. It was obvious

30:36

that something would have to change. The.

30:39

Federal government had already cut the cord

30:41

quota significantly, but it didn't seem to

30:43

matter. See. Sherman Weren't even police

30:45

enough cod or the water to hit

30:47

that quota? Nature.

30:50

Was in the driver's seat now. Rhine.

30:53

Clear he had just started a job

30:55

as a fisheries reporter for The Telegrams

30:57

Newfoundland and Labrador Paper of Record. In

31:00

the months leading up to the moratorium

31:02

as a daily newspaper reporter I traveled

31:05

to and is all along north east

31:07

coast I would talk to the leaders

31:09

in a community that maybe the the

31:11

priest or maybe the past, Her, the

31:14

shopkeeper, the doctor nurses I interviewed everybody

31:16

I indicators and the north East coasters

31:18

for every possible angle that I could

31:20

find to make it to the front

31:22

page Because leading up to more time

31:25

and ninety ninety two thirty two years

31:27

ago you could feel the change was

31:29

coming, that the. The catches had

31:31

declined in the years leading up to Ninety

31:33

Two, and it was all kinds of talk

31:35

a moratorium. You. Could seal at

31:37

something? Historic was about

31:40

to happen. The. Man who

31:42

would be making that call was John

31:44

Crosby, a new Finland, or who came

31:46

from a prominent merchant family and had

31:49

been appointed Minister fisheries nineteen Ninety One.

31:52

He had spent a great deal time

31:54

in the Federal government. And

31:56

the he was always known as someone who is I

31:58

would spell can not tell it. It is.

32:01

And. I think when it comes to his

32:03

desk, he's at a point where I don't

32:05

think that there was any other option. And

32:07

he had the unfortunate. Job of delivering

32:09

that is in new for my A

32:12

Labrador. By. Canada Day Ninety

32:14

Ninety Two. Everyone. Knew an

32:16

announcement was in the offing. And. They

32:18

were just waiting for the hammer to fall. At.

32:26

John. Crosby's was visiting the output

32:28

community of Bay Bulls just outside

32:30

of St. John's. When. He

32:32

came that day and was confronted

32:35

by a throng of. Fisheries

32:37

and Plant workers and families men,

32:39

women, children, They. Knew that you

32:41

know the writing was on the wall and that this

32:43

was the beginning of the and. Nobody

32:46

not get out of a red

32:48

zone process recess more than three

32:51

hundred and fifty system and and

32:53

plant workers they're serious about the

32:55

compensation crossing is arranged for the

32:57

shutdown. Other fishery. They wanted

32:59

details. People

33:03

demanded that says ensure fishery

33:05

which. Has supported rural new from

33:07

land for more than four hundred years

33:09

won't see obliterated. But when they accuse

33:12

Crosby of failing to protect that fishery.

33:14

Prompted this abuse. I didn't think that

33:16

this from a goddamn what. Change

33:24

in the or you could feel

33:26

something historic was going to happen.

33:28

And then when Crosby made the

33:30

announcement, I'll never forget being in

33:33

the room downtown St. John's Hotel

33:35

In a conference room, Crosby addressed

33:37

the media in one room. I'm

33:39

making a decision based on the

33:41

desire to ensure that the Northern

33:43

Sun. Survives as a species, The

33:46

fishermen it to were kept in another room. Crosby

33:48

was in one room. The fishermen

33:50

were pissed because Crosby wasn't making

33:52

the announcement to their face. They.

33:55

Don't need to go berserk. Try

33:57

the bathroom doors to frighten me

33:59

differs. The place I don't frightened. To

34:02

let me tell you, But when you're in front of a run like that.

34:05

You know what's going on outside the and front

34:07

of the wrong. The. Weight of the

34:09

announcement you could feel his. Biggest.

34:11

Lay off in Canadian history. And

34:13

then you hearing the the shoulders hit the

34:16

door in the back and and security hustling

34:18

on again make sure that that are outside

34:20

of i'm trying to get he didn't get

34:22

in. And one of

34:24

the men on the other side of that

34:26

door was Glenn Winslow who just invested all of

34:29

his money into a brand new fishing boat.

34:31

A. One way or was the main valla

34:33

that was banging on the door and yellow

34:36

libor will ever forget it. It was very

34:38

upsetting everyone will you Livelihood steak away and

34:40

you know like fishermen were telling them that

34:43

probably the last three years alpha prior to

34:45

com and the moratorium. Fishermen. Could

34:47

see like to fish wasn't commonly no more. No.

34:50

I wasn't being on the door because you know why

34:52

I was on a young then I was only like

34:54

twenty odd years old and. And

34:56

I think I didn't realize to situation

34:58

they were that we were really and.

35:01

You know a lot of the older people

35:03

had it figured out situation cause the Rios

35:05

run the business. I was news to run

35:07

the business I wouldn't leave at the time.

35:09

Is it happens? they are yes I certainly

35:11

be. Is the lot more stressful as a

35:13

them and back and. Bernard.

35:15

Martin wasn't there that day. The.

35:17

Night that the moratorium as call we

35:20

roll my cellphone and other small people

35:22

were a surge of tour across the

35:24

island speaking about this very issue race

35:26

the imminent collapse of the of the

35:29

cod stocks. And. As he watched on

35:31

T V. He could see fishermen from

35:33

Petty Harbor in the crowd trying to

35:35

break open the door. Now. Zone

35:37

grandfather's Miss Alison tone Wish I care

35:39

to the want to be a part

35:42

of that race. For.

35:50

The people inside that hotel conference

35:52

room listening to the announcement. And

35:55

the people outside trying to break down

35:57

the door and frankly but entire province.

36:00

The like. Second, Nineteen Ninety

36:02

Two. Was. A turning point. The.

36:04

Modern history of Newfoundland and Labrador

36:06

can be described as coming before

36:09

or after the imposition of the

36:11

cod moratorium. I tell ya.

36:13

Back in Nineteen Ninety Two and I look

36:15

at these numbers quite often. We had twenty

36:18

thousand licensed fishermen, a new format license full

36:20

time and part time fishermen. Twenty

36:22

thousand. As of October Twenty

36:24

twenty three, we have three thousand

36:26

and eight. The impact

36:28

has been we lost tens of

36:30

thousands in terms of population. We.

36:33

Lost a whole generation of a

36:35

fisherman and and fisher women. We.

36:37

Have some lovely are poor communities and there

36:39

are absolutely lovely but if you drive around

36:42

them in the wintertime that much slice. The.

36:44

Basically tours communities. In the summer you're not

36:46

gonna see a whole lot of small boat

36:48

bob and in water. Not. A

36:50

lot of small boats last. The.

36:52

Federal government promised to help people affected

36:55

by the closure. To. All the

36:57

money they provided in the aftermath of

36:59

the moratorium was essential. They. Had

37:01

sailed in their primary responsibility.

37:04

To. Ensure that the Atlantic fisheries

37:06

continue to be sustainable for

37:09

generations to come. I

37:11

would categorize the federal government response to the

37:13

card clap says as too little and and

37:15

too late. I mean you see that in

37:17

the very decision that they make. The cod

37:20

fishery was intended to close. For two

37:22

years. Thirty. Two years

37:24

later, that still the case. And.

37:26

So the programs that were

37:28

available to provide some finances

37:31

to Fishers Plant workers our

37:33

impacted. We're. Just not enough.

37:36

The Federal government promised billions of

37:38

dollars in income support and money

37:40

for retraining and a buyback people

37:42

sitting licenses, Those. Programs had

37:44

varying degrees of success. But.

37:47

Many people stuck to Fisher. Was. The

37:49

only work they'd ever done or ever wanted to

37:51

do. Glenn. Winslow was one of

37:53

them. Was tough times when we

37:56

basically never know millionaire full year and and

37:58

we we kind of said why we gonna

38:00

do when the vote we have to try

38:02

do something. Since. Their boat

38:04

was rigged for groundfish like cod. Be

38:06

decided to try their hand at Flounder

38:08

Fisher. And we peeled away at

38:10

that. But it was no money. Legally it

38:13

was very minimal is. May. Be lucky

38:15

enough get half weeks by on like then. We

38:17

killed a way that for the full year. First.

38:20

Time. You don't realize what you got yourself

38:22

into and I know know who was worried

38:24

about. You know so much pain looking after

38:27

sees with the banks and stuff like tests

38:29

to biggest thing I can and I want

38:31

forgiveness. You know we were going out there

38:33

like at Flounder Nightmare to pollinate subordinated six

38:36

men and women families to Toymaker Weeks for

38:38

A and A said my chart. whatever. Help

38:40

myself into. And Europe during

38:42

your own rounds I choose are going to catch

38:44

something and the word of advice really but I

38:47

was worried about a week favorite a problem paying

38:49

for Zealand stuff like that keep his own enough

38:51

to was the biggest biggest sir stressed that at

38:53

any time. The. Would take years,

38:55

but Glenn Winslow would eventually find a way

38:57

to make things sustainable. And. He's still

39:00

working as a fisherman today. For.

39:02

Ryan Query The cod moratoriums led

39:04

him to dedicate much of his

39:06

life to activism and advocacy around

39:09

the fishery. From. My perspective

39:11

a crime was committed against of land a

39:13

Labrador. Maybe we're allowed to happen.

39:16

A. Crime has been committed. A crime

39:18

against a resource, A crime against

39:20

mother nature, A crime against a

39:22

population, A crime against the people.

39:25

And. I couldn't let it go.

39:27

As. Her Bernard Martin. The closure

39:30

of the cod fishery it's would have

39:32

a profound impact. On his community,

39:34

on his activism, and on his life.

39:37

Service Shop them in widespread. Shock.

39:40

And I suppose you could say grief to and will

39:42

pick bird. Grieving. For was

39:44

for what had happened. it was area

39:46

very traumatic or emotional for lot of

39:48

people or is. He

39:50

watches fishermen, took part in government

39:53

sponsored retraining programs for jobs outside

39:55

the industry. Others retired early

39:57

or less newsome land in search of

39:59

work. For. A while. Bird.

40:02

Was intent on moving to. I

40:04

was married to a at the

40:06

time we had the we had

40:08

kids and our approach Your decision

40:11

was that we were. We're.

40:13

Gonna move out west of to be see.

40:16

It. Didn't work out because Bernard wanted to make

40:18

a go things and pay harbor. We.

40:20

Ended up splitting up

40:22

and I stayed here

40:24

and. Can

40:27

a in not really known the hell's

40:29

gonna work out or house going to

40:31

shape up. But. His activism

40:33

continued. In. The months and

40:35

years following the Cod moratorium, Bernard

40:38

became increasingly outspoken about the catastrophes

40:40

that have befallen newsome land. Was.

40:43

Unbelievable that the. Constructs,

40:46

On the east coast it's laughs and and the

40:48

Fisher shut down. The was. He was

40:50

from of what happened. Why wants to

40:52

be done about race? He.

40:54

Spoke to crowds across Canada, Us,

40:57

and internationally, including tours in Alaska,

40:59

New Zealand, And he supported

41:01

others were trying to stop environmental

41:03

catastrophe in their backyards. In.

41:06

Nineteen Ninety Three. He went to Clicquot

41:08

Sound in British Columbia during the War

41:10

in the Woods to help a group

41:12

of protesters would blockaded roads in order

41:14

to stop clear cutting of old growth

41:16

forests. He was arrested. I

41:19

wasn't really planning on spontaneously. I saw

41:21

least mostly young people sit down the

41:23

middle of the road weight and the

41:25

it a rest massive size com this

41:27

were letting go to school for it's

41:29

I sat down to got arrested. He

41:32

was eventually sentenced to little over a week

41:34

in jail. Yeah. Was over. Those

41:37

things are he knows this. Like at

41:39

that moment you have to decide what?

41:41

what am I gonna do? Bernard.

41:49

Continues activism throughout the Ninety

41:51

Nineties. And then one day

41:53

in Nineteen Ninety Nine, he received a

41:55

call. He. Was informed and

41:57

he was to receive the Goldman in.

42:00

Your Mental Prize Also known

42:02

as the Green Nobel. I

42:04

thought it was a joke at first. In

42:07

a few months he would go down to San

42:09

Francisco. In the meantime, yeah, to

42:11

keep it secret from everyone except for

42:13

his family. Couldn't. Tell them what?

42:16

what I was don't I was unknown unknown

42:18

The San Francisco Missile. Interesting,

42:20

but I couldn't tell him why. Bernard.

42:23

Was obviously happy to have his work

42:25

recognized. But. The cash prize

42:27

also team in very handy. Like.

42:30

So many other fisherman who continue to

42:32

try to ply their trade. She.

42:34

A deaths that he had to pay. I

42:37

was humbled and I was pleased to

42:39

get the reward and pleased as Paris

42:41

another opportunity to have to talk about

42:43

the issues I came home and I

42:45

just know contingent on doing some of

42:47

the stuff to that been known. Bernard.

42:50

Was now internationally recognized for his activism

42:52

around the fishery, and he was proud

42:55

that he'd spoken up. A

42:57

sounds like I had to do was

42:59

like some knows I have have driven

43:01

to get up and say what was

43:03

happening and what I saw who was

43:05

responsible for laughs and concept. But.

43:08

That didn't bring the cod back. He

43:10

was still struggling to make ends meet. His

43:12

community and as province we're still

43:15

fighting to emerge from the wreckage

43:17

that overfishing had caused. Over

43:20

the next two decades, the fishermen

43:22

of Newfoundland and Labrador would find

43:24

new ways to maintain their livelihoods

43:26

and or culture in the face

43:28

of incredible arts. But. That

43:31

shouldn't distract from the enormity of

43:33

what happened. The. Card

43:35

Moratorium We're supposed to last

43:37

only two years. Thirty.

43:40

Two years later, The

43:42

cod stocks still haven't

43:44

recovered. Ryan

44:08

Clear you worried that we

44:10

haven't learned a thing from

44:12

the card moratoriums? From

44:15

my perspective, the biggest failure

44:17

of Confederation with Canada has

44:19

been the management of our

44:21

fisheries because a moratorium that

44:23

was supposed to last two

44:25

years is now in years

44:27

Thirty two. My fear is

44:30

that we've learned nothing from

44:32

the past like I was

44:34

there when the shutdown fisheries

44:36

Ninety Nine shut down because

44:38

of overfishing. That's why. But.

44:41

Now if you'd listen a D

44:43

for today it wasn't overfishing that

44:45

cause a collapse of the stuff.

44:47

It was some unknown the stock

44:49

eventually more or less just fell

44:51

off a cliff. The can't really

44:53

explain it is unknown factors led

44:55

to the death of the stock.

44:57

It was overfishing. Engine

44:59

Thornhill Vermont says said this isn't

45:01

just about Cod, were about New

45:04

Finland or even Canada. When

45:06

I first caught the three clubs, I really

45:08

did think this is something that happened. To

45:10

us and could possibly happen. Elsewhere,

45:13

I now realize that Atlantic

45:15

cod is specific sam and

45:18

Atlantic Cod is. T

45:20

Sardines: It's West African Certain

45:22

A. Lot There are so

45:24

many examples of this. Where.

45:28

You know, it may have felt like. Something.

45:30

That happened overnight. It was an act of

45:32

God. This Did Not happen as an act

45:34

of God. We did this. We're still. Doing.

45:37

It. That's

46:09

your episode of Commons. This is the

46:11

first of three episodes focusing on the

46:13

work of fishermen in New Someone Labrador.

46:15

We hope you keep tuning in. If

46:18

you liked this episode, please leave us

46:20

a rating and review and apple podcasts.

46:22

This. Episode relied on the work

46:25

done by Jan Thornhill, Vermont's

46:27

Rhine Cleary, Michael Harris, Drew

46:29

Browns, Dean Babington, Silly Skinner,

46:31

Daniel Mckiernan and Rex Murphy.

46:33

Cbc News marked for Lansky

46:35

and many, many others. If

46:38

you want to get in touch with us, you can

46:40

tweet us at commons pod. You can

46:42

also you know me or she had

46:44

caroline.com. This. Episode was produced

46:46

by me, Jordan Cornish and Nor

46:48

Azria. A production coordinator is on

46:51

Very Fruit or editor in chief

46:53

is Karen Pugliese and or music

46:55

is by Nathan Burley. If.

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